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Changes to Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service

2012-01-27T17:12:00.001-08:00

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Dear Google user, We're getting rid of over 60 different privacy policies across Google and replacing them with one that's a lot shorter and easier to read. Our new policy covers multiple products and features, reflecting our desire to create one beautifully simple and intuitive experience across Google. We believe this stuff matters, so please take a few minutes to read our updated Privacy Policy and Terms of Service at http://www.google.com/policies. These changes will take effect on March 1, 2012.
One policy, one Google experience

Easy to work across Google Our new policy reflects a single product experience that does what you need, when you want it to. Whether you're reading an email that reminds you to schedule a family get-together or finding a favorite video that you want to share, we want to ensure you can move across Gmail, Calendar, Search, YouTube, or whatever your life calls for with ease.	Tailored for you If you're signed into Google, we can do things like suggest search queries – or tailor your search results – based on the interests you've expressed in Google+, Gmail, and YouTube. We'll better understand which version of Pink or Jaguar you're searching for and get you those results faster.	Easy to share and collaborate When you post or create a document online, you often want others to see and contribute. By remembering the contact information of the people you want to share with, we make it easy for you to share in any Google product or service with minimal clicks and errors.

Protecting your privacy hasn't changed Our goal is to provide you with as much transparency and choice as possible, through products like Google Dashboard and Ads Preferences Manager, alongside other tools. Our privacy principles remain unchanged. And we'll never sell your personal information or share it without your permission (other than rare circumstances like valid legal requests).	Got questions? We've got answers. Visit our FAQ at http://www.google.com/policies/faq to read more about the changes. (We figured our users might have a question or twenty-two.)

Notice of Change March 1, 2012 is when the new Privacy Policy and Terms will come into effect. If you choose to keep using Google once the change occurs, you will be doing so under the new Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. Please do not reply to this email. Mail sent to this address cannot be answered. Also, never enter your Google Account password after following a link in an email or chat to an untrusted site. Instead, go directly to the site, such as mail.google.com or www.google.com/accounts. Google will never email you to ask for your password or other sensitive information.

Eight Spiritual Laws

2009-01-19T21:00:00.000-08:00

There are many spiritual laws that have been given to humanity to help individuals and communities elevate themselves above the material existence and live a more conscious and virtuous life. For example the Ten Commandments are spiritual laws. The commandment of "love one another" is a spiritual law. The law of karma is a spiritual law. Spiritual teachers find great meaning in these laws and often cite them as a way to condition our minds and emotions to help us make the right choices in life. In the book The Year 2000 and After Torkom Saraydarian discusses eight laws that are helpful in changing the way we think.

1. The Law of Beauty: We can surround ourselves with physical, emotional, and mental beauty. Beauty in any form gives us spiritual satisfaction and releases our inner potentials. Beauty is soul inspired. Ugliness is materialism inspired. Moral relativists confuse us by mixing ugliness and beauty and telling us both are acceptable. When we mix the two together, we desensitize our hearts from contact with our souls. Ugliness eventually defeats the perpetrators and those who support them. Beauty helps us live and expand toward Higher Principles. Test this out on yourself: How do you feel after seeing beautiful works of art? How do you feel when you see a magnificent sunset? How do you feel when you hear beautiful words from others?

2. The Law of Harmlessness: We can strive to be harmless in all our thoughts and actions. This is the Law of Consideration for the welfare of others. Its violation brings disturbances in our families, schools, and businesses. When our children are not taught to be considerate of others, they will open their hearts to evil; they will commit acts of violence against others.

3. The Law of Purity: We can purify our bodies, emotions, and minds. "Purity is a state in which the human soul is in full control of his mechanism and runs that mechanism in harmony with the Plan and Purpose of life." (The Year 2000 and After, pp. 135-136.)

4. The Law of Unity: We can visualize the world as one and say the Mantram of Unification daily. We can faithfully support the recitation of the Great Invocation and form extra triangles of light. This Law is defined as follows: "…people must live a life as if they were one with all life-forms, as if they were cells in one body, as if all of them had the same urge to be happy, healthy, prosperous, and enlightened…. Every time we think contrary to the Law of Unity, we weaken our mental mechanism. Every time we feel separative and selfish, we petrify our heart — that great mechanism of contact with the highest principles of the Universe. Every time we engage in separative, destructive, and criminal actions, we sow seeds of disease in our body, groups, and nations because all acts of disunity, momentarily or for a long time, cut our electrical power from the Cosmic Source and short-circuit our whole wiring system. Every time we short-circuit ourselves, we expose ourselves to viruses, germs, and psychic attacks." (The Year 2000 and After, p. 136.)

5. The Law of Cooperation: We can step up to our responsibilities and do everything we can to help those who are working to expand the work of the Teaching. This is a fundamental law for real success in our lives. "In an atmosphere of cooperation, it will be difficult for criminals and opportunists to make their future at the expense of your happiness and health." (The Year 2000 and After, p. 140.)

6. The Law of Responsibility: We can take on added responsibilities to increase awareness of the Laws of the Ageless Wisdom. This is said to be one of the highest laws in the Universe. "To be responsible means to understand fully that you can make people either happy or miserable by your thoughts, words, and actions. When you have the sense of responsibility, you live in a way that you not only prevent misery for others, but you also increase their joy, happiness, and success and become their protector without violating their freedom." (The Year 2000 and After)

7. The Law of Striving Toward Perfection: We can strive a little bit more this year and next year. It is striving that balances our knowledge and our beingness. If we do not strive, we live a life immersed in matter; we try by all means to satisfy our urges for sex, drugs, violence, alcohol, tobacco, and other materially driven behavior. If we strive, we will invariably start to grow, improve, and reach new heights in our beingness. Our future as a humanity will be determined by our striving toward higher ways of life.

8. The Law of Love: We can simply love one another. This Law pervades our Universe. Our Solar System is imbued with the Ray of Love. Only through love can we open the communication with God and let His Grace fill our hearts. "The currents of darkness and destruction and the currents of light and regeneration are in a fierce fight. It is imperative that all enlightened people offer their energy to light, to make the darkness retreat." (The Year 2000 and After , p. 144.)

"If these eight laws are violated, the result will be unhappiness, sickness, crime, death, poverty, and misery." (The Year 2000 and After, p. 133.) If we follow these laws, our bodies will be under the control of our soul, our emotions will be pure and serene, our minds will be lucid and creative. And, we will be inspired and charged with the psychic energy of Cosmos.

"The second phase of readiness will appear as a global understanding that territorial disputes and territorial borders are insignificant if people live together, if everyone respects the rights of other people to live and to be prosperous, safe, and happy.

"The third phase of readiness will appear as a global understanding that unless we appreciate each other's existence and differences, we cannot reach a synthesis." (The Year 2000 and After by Torkom Saraydarian, p. 147.)

"A human being has a great power over Nature — whether he is conscious of it or not. Being an active mechanism in the energy currents of the Universe, he can cause various changes in these currents, changes that may result in destruction or rejuvenation.

"The human being is a switch, controlled by his thoughts, visualizations, imaginations, words, and actions." (The Year 2000 and After, pp. 151-152.)

Editor's note: For free introductory materials and additional information contact www.tsg-uk.org (UK)or www.tsgfoundation.org (USA)

Universal Law - the Secret to Success

2009-01-19T09:00:00.000-08:00

If you're not familiar with the growing trend of personal development, you might be wondering what 'Universal Laws' are. You may be surprised to find out that you already know the answer! In fact, you've experienced the effect of these laws and you adjust yourself to them every day.

Let me give you an example. You know what gravity is, right? Well, that's nothing more than a natural or universal law. Electricity is another example. We use it everyday to improve our quality of life.

The thing is, there are other universal laws that many people are unaware of. Because they don't understand what these laws are or how they operate, they are unable to use them to their advantage.

Imagine if you didn't know about the law of gravity. Or the law of electricity. I bet you'd agree that your life would be SIGNIFICANTLY different! This is why it's so important to understand these laws.

So what are the laws that most of us don't know about? And why are they the secrets of success?

The main law that we're talking about here is the Law of Attraction. This law states: 'Like attracts like' and 'Thought correlates with the object of its purpose'. So thoughts about failure attract failure, and thoughts about success attract success. It's really quite simple in theory. It's the part of putting it into practice that proves challenging for most people.

Before going any further, it's helpful to point out that all universal laws are immutable - that is, they remain as they are and have never changed, nor will they ever change in the future. They apply in all circumstances and to all individuals. It doesn't matter where you are, who you are, or when you were or will be alive - if you drop a ball to the ground it will fall, because of the law of gravity. Remember the same rule applies to the law of attraction.

Once we understand the vital principle that, no matter what your situation or how terrible or difficult your life may be, the law of attraction always was and always will be working - we begin to recognize the limitless possibilities that are within our reach. Problems no longer worry us, poverty no longer approaches us, and sorrow no longer accompanies us. Because all these things have been created through the law of attraction. Likewise, they can all be transformed and eliminated through the same law.

Isn't it such a liberating thing to know? But remember, until you actually apply this law by changing your way of thinking, nothing will happen. It's the same with electricity: knowing about it won't light up your home. You have to apply that knowledge by fitting a light bulb and turning on the switch.

The methods by which you can apply the law of attraction are too numerous and detailed to go into here. But fortunately, there are many resources available for those who want to take full advantage of this potentially life-changing law.

The best way you can implement this law right now is by thinking about whatever it is you want to have in your life. Do it. It won't hurt. But it will change your life.

http://transform-yourlife.blogspot.com/

Natural Law- is the Search for Absolute Justice

2009-01-18T21:00:00.001-08:00

Natural law- is the search for absolute justice. As it's above all, it is the basis for laws. The idea of natural law started with Aristotle. At the beginning, the Roman law was only for the Romans. After, it was designed for the whole Empire. They concluded what is common and created the Ius Gentium - the nature law for all nations.

The influence of the natural law – all man are equal, the movement to emancipate slaves – as people were born free, there isn't private property on the air and the sea, a child has the right to inherit, the answer for unjust enrichment is restitution. Natural law can change.

International law- there is a problem which casio or gmat, as who has the right to tell a nation what to do. Every nation have it's own independence, is sovereign. The international law shouldn't based on power but on mutual relationships. The natural law is the basis of the International law.

The importance of Int. law rised during the Nuremberg trials. The witness said that what ever they have done had been in the name of the law. The problem is that positive law is not binding when it goes against natural law - they did not obey the Natural law.

The problem of the natural law – it's not easy to define what nature is. Nowadays, equality and freedom from slavery are natural considered as part of the natural law. On the other hand, the Catholic Church is against artificial insemination and contraception – as they are against nature.

Is monogamy natural?

According to Positivism there is a price for every thing same as jammer. There isn't an absolute standard but there is a clear standard

Natural law is the search for absolute standard – it's not clear. There are some exceptions like killing is forbidden but you go to war, or self-defense.

Natural law - the roots are firm but you are not sure about details.

In positivism - you are sure about the details and not about the roots.

5 Traits That Set Lexington Law Apart

2009-01-18T09:00:00.000-08:00

In 1991, Lexington Law Firm began offering credit repair services to the general public. Since then, Lexington has provided credit repair services to over 1/2 million credit repair clients and has essentially set the standard for the modern credit repair industry. Many of the largest credit repair companies today owe their success to the tactics and methodologies pioneered by Lexington.

Today, Lexington Law continues to be a driving force in the credit repair industry. What follows are 5 traits unique to Lexington Law that set Lexington Law apart from all other credit repair organizations.

Lexington Law Has 17 Years of Credit Correction History

Many credit repair companies have come and gone since Lexington Law opened their doors. The fact that Lexington Law has been around for so long and continues to provide credit repair services for thousands of Americans is a testament to the quality of service they provide. It is also a reason why Lexington Law is so good at what they do. After 17 years of helping consumers with their credit, Lexington has learned what works and what doesn't when it comes to repairing credit reports.

Lexington Law Has Served Over 1/2 Million Credit Repair Clients

Along with providing credit repair services for almost 2 decades, Lexington Law has also provided service to more customers than any current credit repair services. While other credit repair companies may also have many years of experience, they do not come close to disputing the number of credit files as Lexington Law. This provides Lexington Law with far more data than any other credit repair company that can be used to continually refine their services.

Lexington Law's Services Have Resulted in Millions of Removals

As a natural consequence of being in business for so long and having helped a huge number of clients, Lexington Law has gained the knowledge and experience to help clients remove millions of items from their credit reports. In fact, Lexington Law has helped clients remove over 1 million items from their client's credit reports in the last two years alone.

Lexington Law Has 20+ Lawyers across the Country

Aside from providing Lexington Law with a full stable of legal experts, this is very important when you consider that there are over 20 lawyers who have enough faith to risk putting their licenses and years of education on the line. The credit repair industry has had its fair share of scammers and con-artists that have been shut down by the FTC. The fact that this many lawyers are willing to lend their good name to Lexington Law should illicit a sense of confidence that Lexington Law will do everything possible to operate in full compliance with all industry regulations.

Lexington Law Has 400+ Paralegals/Agents

The sheer number of people that Lexington Law assists on a daily basis requires that Lexington Law have a large number of personnel on staff. To ensure that all clients receive personal attention, Lexington Law employs hundreds of individuals that are housed in a newly constructed 50,000 sq. ft. campus.

The Lie Behind The Secret: Truth To Manifesting Using Law of Attraction

2009-01-17T21:00:00.001-08:00

Do you feel you understand the law of attraction but just don't seem to be getting the things you desire? Are you frustrated? Do you manifest some things but not others? The truth is you most likely have not been taught the "key" principle to using law of attraction the way it was intended to be used and not the way most practitioners are currently teaching it.

You may have studied the law of attraction, read law of attraction books, and may have seen the movie "The Secret". After all your study, you probably have applied each and every step you have learned but something isn't working. Things aren't appearing in your life as you expected.

Instead of happily manifesting everything you desire you find yourself frustrated. You start doubting yourself. You begin to feel as though you are doing it wrong or the law of attraction just doesn't work.

Perhaps you are able to manifest some things here and there but cannot find that perfect combination to allow you to consistently bring to you those things you desire.

Here's a news flash. There is a great lie behind using law of attraction as it has been traditionally taught. In "The Secret" you are led to believe you simply focus on a desire and "poof" it will appear into your life. This has misled many people. Many law of attraction teachers have been trained to teach law of attraction in this manner. It is not their fault; they just either don't get it or have totally bought into the myth playing out in this fashion.

Whether you are able to manifest on a hit and miss scenario or not at all, the fault lies in the manner in which you have been taught about the law of attraction. The movie "The Secret" leads most people to assume that all you have to do is merely focus on those things you desire and they will eventually come into your life. A perfect example is the scene in which a woman gazes into a jewelry store window at a beautiful necklace. In another scene you see her wearing that very necklace. You are led to believe she simply focused on having that necklace and she manifested it into her life. That in itself will set you up for a major disappointment!

I spent thousands of dollars studying the law of attraction, taking classes, buying books, enrolling in teleseminars and all of them were telling me the same old song and dance. I have been able to manifest some great things but not on a consistent basis. There seemed to be a trend to my manifesting but I could not put my finger on it at first. I prayed and asked for guidance and after several long months, guidance came and so did the answer.

Through my recent studies, I learned that the law of attraction is not a physical law and is not based on quantum physics as is traditionally taught. The law of attraction is a spiritual law, freely given to all by God. It is based on love. Through this law we are given things (our desires) through serving others. If you are using the law of attraction strictly for your own personal gain, you will gain little to nothing from it. This is most likely why you have had this hit or miss type of manifesting experience.

Recently, I had someone ask me how to use the law of attraction in his life and business. Among the things he desired was a beautiful woman, a large house, wealth and many customers. I asked him what the goal and purpose behind his business was. His reply came very quickly. It was to make money. When we discussed how law of attraction works based on and serving others, which in this case would be his customers, his true desire was still focused on the end result which was the money. I recommended a book for him to read and suggested he do an exercise that would allow him to evaluate the goals he had for four areas of his life and the reasons for each of them. Focusing on his health, home, business, and relationships would hopefully give him some insight on what he wanted and why. Until he could move his focus onto serving others and away from himself and the money, he would have little success with using the law of attraction.

As long as your focus is strictly self serving, the law of attraction will offer you little in the way of generating your desires. You may see some greedy, self serving people who have wealth. Imagine how much wealthier they would be and how many great things they could have done if their focus had been on serving others instead of their own selves!

When you are in business and focusing on providing the best service possible to your customers, clients, patients, etc. you will manifest more customers, clients, patients, etc. which in turn will bring you greater income through the growth of your business. You will find your life transformed. There will be more joy in your day. You will gain referrals and opportunities will open to you that will offer greater expansion of your business, service, and income.

So, re-evaluate the current manner in which you are practicing the law of attraction. Are you using it as a self serving tool or as a means to help others? By helping to improve the lives of others, you will far exceed your manifestation expectations through the law of attraction.

Try it for yourself and see. You will love the results, and so will those you serve.

Laws of Life, Doors of Success

2009-01-17T09:00:00.000-08:00

Just as the material world is controlled by laws, the human life is also bound by laws. Just as a knowledge of the laws of physics and chemistry help scientists to exploit the natural world, a knowledge of the laws of life can help a person to maximize his life-skills and life-attainment.

The only difference between these laws is that the laws that govern the human life cannot be taken to a physics or chemistry laboratory. Rather, they have to be recognized in the laboratory of one's life and they need to be used effectively and in a timely manner to get maximum benefit.

The difference between achievers and non achievers is not the difference in education, wealth, family background, or things considered an asset. While such assets are helpful, they are not what really makes a person successful. The secret is in knowing the laws of life and in exploiting them at the right time. Here are the four laws

1. The Law of Opportunity: most people think that some people get more opportunities than the others. This is wrong. Actually every person gets plenty of opportunities, and there is no person who gets no opportunity at all. This is the law of opportunity -- that every person gets more opportunities than they recognize or exploit.

Thus it is the lack of recognition and lack of exploitation of opportunities that keep people from progressing, and not the lack of opportunity itself. Once a person realizes this, and once he consciously starts looking for opportunities, he will be able to advance fast.

2. The Law of Time: time is definitely an important factor in success. Nobody can succeed in life without spending plenty of time on important goals. Yet, it seems to everyone that they have little time while others seem to have plenty of time. But this is a wrong impression.

According to the Law of Time, every person has an equal amount of time but some are able to get more of it because they are able to "manage" it better. They know what is important, and give more time to it. Others do not realize these things, and end up giving 80% of their good time for a mere 20% of tasks, and that also to the least productive tasks. You need to examine the way you use time.

3. The law of Cumulation: a small thing is a small thing, but when it is added in bits and pieces over a long period of time, the sum becomes unbelievably large. This is the law of Cumulation. The cumulative deposits in banks, where a person keeps depositing money in small segments, but keeps doing it for a very long time to get a very large sum is based upon this principle.

Every attainment in life depends upon the law of Cumulation, but most people do not realize this. They want large results in a short period of time. Rarely only is this possible. It is more like small bits of addition for a long period of time, and then a very large outcome.

4. The Law of Accountability: whatever the field, there comes a day of reckoning. The judge will be either one's officer, the society, or even the money that one is finally able to carry to one's bank. Some laugh, jump, and dance on the day. Most simply weep and become bitter. One always knew the day was coming and used the first three laws. The other one knew, but still postponed action for the next day.

Laws of Life respect no one. They come to each person in equal measure. Those who exploit the laws get blessed by them. Those who ignore the laws get punished by them.

Take your life into control today and build yourself !!

The Nine Laws of Persuasion

2009-01-16T21:00:00.000-08:00

There are nine distinct laws of persuasion that govern the human decision-making process. While these laws of persuasion do not universally apply to everyone, they do apply to the greater majority of people that you will encounter. To become a great persuader and to influence people with your communication, you will need to master these nine laws of persuasion.

Persuasion Law #1: The Law of Scarcity
The law of scarcity states that when a person perceives that something or someone they want is in limited quantity, then the perceived value of that which they desire is greater than if it were overly abundant.

Example: If I went to a party with my girlfriend and she picked up an interest in talking to other guys there instead of me, then my interest and perceived value in my girlfriend would increase dramatically because of the implied scarcity that I have attached to her.

Persuasion Law #2: The Law of Reciprocity
The law of reciprocity states that if a persons gives another person something or performs a service of perceived value, then that other person will be so inclined as to give something back of equal value.

Example: If my neighbors invited me over to their house for dinner, then I would be inclined to return the favor by inviting them out to dinner at a later time.

Persuasion Law #3: The Law of Association
The law of association states that people are more likely to accept, try, purchase, or like things which are endorsed by other people we like or have respect for.

Example: Commercial producers always want to use high profile celebrities to endorse their products or services because the majority of the public will associate the celebrity's popularity with that product and boost sales.

Persuasion Law #4: The Law of Contrast
The law of contrast states that when two items or people are different from each other, we tend to see them as even more different if they are place close together.

Example: I was at a major electronics retailer recently and was purchasing a laptop for $1000. After I committed myself to the purchase, the salesperson offered me an insurance policy for an additional $150 dollars. Afterall, $150 is a small amount compared to the $1000 that I just put down. Fast food restaurants use the same tactic of contrast when they ask you if you want to "super size" your meal for only a buck extra.

Persuasion Law #5: The Law of Expectancy
The law of expectancy states that when a person whom you respect expects you to produce a certain result, then you will tend to work towards fulfilling that expectation, whether the end result is positive or negative.

Example: There was a case that I remember in a hospital where an outpatient was being treated for a minor, non-life threatening ailment, and somehow the patient charts were switched on the poor guy. The doctor came in and looked at the charts and told the otherwise healthy patient that at best he only had a day to live. That guy died the next day.

Persuasion Law #6: The Law of Consistency
The law of consistency states that when an individual announces, either verbally or in writing, that they are taking a position on an issue, then that person will strongly defend that position regardless of its validity or even in the face of overwhelming evidence against it.

Example: When former President Clinton denied that he had "sexual relations" with white house intern Monica Lewinsky, he aggressively defended it despite the fact that the majority of Americans were convinced he had cheated on the first lady and should just own up to it.

Persuasion Law #7: The Law of Power
People who are perceived to have greater strength, fame, expertise, or authority have power over other people who accept this perception of that person.

Example: A doctor has a great amount of perceived power over a patient because of their extensive training. Their word is usually gospel.

Persuasion Law #8: The Law of Friends
The law of friends states that when someone you trust or like asks you to do something, you are strongly motivated to fulfill that request.

Example: If an attractive girl asked a single and available guy for a favor, then that guy would be strongly motivated to fulfill her request.

Persuasion Law #9: The Law of Conformity
The law of conformity states that an individual is more likely to agree to proposals that are well received by the majority of other people in their group.

Example: At a company meeting the CEO asks for a show of hands who likes the new idea. Approximately 85% of the meeting participants raise their hands. John Doe also raises his hand, not because he liked the idea, but because he felt the pressure to conform with the majority of the group.

Laws of Success

2009-01-16T09:00:00.001-08:00

Just as there are physical laws that govern how the physical world works, gravity, for example, there are also laws that govern how the universe works. Understanding these laws is critical to achieving success, learn them and work with them, not against them.

1. The Law of Perpetual Transmutation

Basically, this law states that what starts as energy changes into what is physical. Everything around you, everything you see, hear, smell, touch, or taste began as energy.

The vibration of that energy forms what is physical. Everything is in constant motion, and that motion is always changing. Energy can not be created or destroyed, just moved and changed. Our thoughts make themselves manifest in the physical world. In other words, what we think about, we bring about.

2. The Law of Relativity

The way we perceive any object, thing, person, or idea is always relative to how we see another object, thing, person, or idea. It's the way we gauge what we see, bigger, smaller, good, bad, better, worse. The whole universe is designed to work together, with all the laws corresponding rather than conflicting.

All the laws apply equally to everything in the universe regardless of their size, strength, or awareness of the laws. Everything in the universe has its own rate of vibration, high, low, and in-between, we can only evaluate the rate of vibration based on a comparison with the rates of other things.

In your life, you see this law played out as you compare yourself to other people. You are reasonably attractive, right? Now, say someone enters the room who has entirely unfortunate looks, you feel simply gorgeous in comparison. But what if a supermodel enters the room next? How good-looking are you then? It's all relative. The core of this law is that everything in life just "is", our perception shapes how we experience it.

3. The Law of Vibration

This law says that nothing is at rest in the universe, it's all constantly vibrating. Our awareness of that vibration is what we call feeling. Our feelings are determined by vibration, and we determine our rate of vibration by our thoughts and the paradigms we use to look at life.

You've experienced this if you've ever walked into an office or house where people were just quarreling. The tension in the air is thick enough to cut with a knife, and you instantly know you've interrupted something unpleasant.

Our thoughts consist of vibrations we send out to the universe. When we focus or concentrate on our thoughts, the vibrations grow stronger. Thoughts are the strongest vibration to move through the universe.

God created the whole universe, all that there is, seen and invisible from nothing, using thoughts and words. People are the only creation who share the power of thought with the Creator, and that makes us special.

This power to think, this gift of spirit, is what it means to be created in the image of God. Our thoughts and prayers are very powerful, affecting the physical world we live in.

Our awareness of vibration is what we call our feelings. We see what it's like to be in a negative vibration when we say, "I feel bad today." A positive vibration shows when we say, "I feel great today!"

Since vibration originates with our thoughts, we can control whether we live in a positive or negative vibration pattern. You use your brain to choose which thoughts you'll entertain, it doesn't choose a vibration itself. You're the master of your thoughts, of your vibration. Your thoughts steer your central nervous system into the vibration you choose.

Your mind is a storehouse of images, positive and negative, whatever you allow to take up room there. If you choose to dredge up, examine, and review the negative, you will move into a negative vibration, negative feelings will immediately follow. The reverse is true, positive thoughts lead to positive vibration and a positive mood.

4. The Law of Polarity

Everything has an equal opposite, up and down, good and bad, empty and full. There is no such thing as a one-sided coin. No object has only a left side without a right side.

Because everything not only has an opposite, but the opposite is also equal, we've got an immutable law that we can understand. If you measure the room and find it is eighteen feet from the wall to the door, you'll find it's also eighteen feet from the door to the wall.

Seems pretty obvious, but the understanding of this law will really change how you look at life. Say something you think is really bad happens to you, according to the Law of Polarity, there must be something equally good about it, too. Mathematically, if something happens to you that you see as only being a little bit bad, the flipside is that there's also a little bit of good in that, too.

Because of the Law of Polarity, you also get to choose your thoughts on every occurrence in life, is this a good thing or a bad thing? In reality, it just is. But you have the privilege of interpretation, you can choose to view it as a positive or a negative. From that choice, you set vibration in motion, determine your feelings, and ultimately your actions and results.

5. The Law of Rhythm

The whole universe moves in a repetitive rhythm. The tides, the seasons, day and night, we can count on these regular patterns to stay constant. If anything moves forward, something else must move backward; if anything grows greater, something else shrinks.

Every action causes a reaction, and results in a rhythmic swinging of vibration. You see this law at work every day in the peak and decline of your energy, the ups and downs that you experience, the way that our days are sometimes full and busy and sometimes slow and lazy.

It's helpful to realize that our moods have a natural rhythm of ups and downs, and that even in the midst of a relatively down mood, we've still got control of our thoughts. Choosing good thoughts, even when we feel down, propels us into a positive vibration, evening out our emotions and keeping us moving toward our goals.

6. The Law of Cause and Effect

This law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. What you send out into the universe comes back. Luck, chance, and accidents are non-existent. Everything in the universe is subject to universal laws, and everything that happens does so because it was caused.

We see the result of this law in the physical world, in our health, our bank accounts, and how people treat us. The way we get results we want is by working on the cause behind them. A changed cause must produce a changed effect.

One way to change your cause is to focus on it, using positive affirmations to point you in the direction you wish to go. In each area of your life, develop positive statements you can repeat in your mind regularly. These affirmations should be in the present tense, carefully crafted to focus you on what you really want.

7. The Law of Gender

This law describes how every seed has a gestation period. We see it in nature all the time, you plant carrot seeds, and can expect to wait about seventy days before the carrot is ready to eat. If you conceive a child, it takes about forty weeks for the baby to be born.

The same is true for ideas. They are spiritual seeds, and take time to become manifest. You must be patient when you plant a spiritual seed, an idea. It will show itself in physical form when the time is right.

Every idea that is given energy moves into the physical world. Everything in the universe has a masculine and feminine side. We see it in every person and animal, and even in the plant world.

The principle of both male and female in all things makes potential, regeneration, and motion possible. Both male and female are required for life to exist. This law demonstrates how everything comes about, how things change from what they were into what they become.

You may be familiar with some of these concepts, the structure and function of your mind, and the universal laws of the universe. Some may be completely new to you.

Understanding them is so important in the process of achieving your dreams, of living the purpose-filled life you were designed to live, of living in a way that is fulfilling and proactive.

If you're serious about making changes, about winning in life, about living up to your potential and helping everyone around you to do the same, you'll commit yourself to learning these Laws of Success.

Reflect on them, discuss them, and do all you can to comprehend them, teach them to others, too. The more aware you are about how it all works together, the more you can put these ideas and laws to work for you so that you'll experience more success and less frustration.

A Critical View of the Law of Attraction and Quantum Theory

2009-01-15T21:00:00.001-08:00

The law of attraction which claims itself to be a law, fails to justify itself on the grounds of falsifiability, that is, "the logical possibility that an assertion can be shown as false by an observation or a physical experiment".

Falsifiability implies that if a certain condition applies to a situation, or a person, an inference may be drawn out of it and the same condition may not apply to all other similar situations or persons. For example, a man who is dark skinned is Asian. This does not mean that all dark skinned men are Asian or that all Asians are dark skinned. The law of attraction takes a few incidents where people have tasted success, and attempts to apply the same philosophy to all situations.

When judged by many scientific testing parameters the law fails to live up to its logical quotient. This means that the claims brought by the theory are unable to give an exact relation between the thought process and the results. The cause and effect relation, as posited, often overlooks the probable deterring factors or differences in circumstances. The theory makes a hypothetical study of human nature and draws out the inference, by frequent and repeated reference to a few instances, some of which may also be coincidences.

Modern believers in the law of attraction are of opinion that the theory originates from quantum physics, in its treatment of thoughts as atoms.
According to theories in quantum physics, the world is composed of countless atoms. Each of these atoms is charged with energy and is interchangeable, i.e. they can be used to influence each other and are open for infinite changes. This explains a sense of dynamism of thought. The law of attraction speaks on somewhat similar lines as quantum physics in terms of thought as energy atoms.

Following the example of quantum physics, the law supposes the human mind to be composed of thoughts. Each of these thoughts are like charged atoms which are capable of generating enormous power. The law of attraction, going further along the lines of quantum physics, points out, that since energy and matter are interchangeable and can be utilized for good results, the human mind, which is also open to changes, helps us in molding the situations in our life to shape our reality.

According to quantum physics atoms have energy and are drawn towards atoms with similar energy composition. So following that principle, the law of attraction states that thoughts like atoms are drawn towards same kind of thoughts. Thus, the law of attraction points out that "like attracts like". This explains how thoughts relating to ones goal attract thoughts centering on the ways to achieve it, eventually attracting thoughts of reaching the goal.

Again, quantum physics points out that everything has potential and nothing is fixed, which means, if our goal is fixed, there are a number of ways to achieve it. In the same way, the law of attraction points out that if we are focused over what we want to achieve, nothing can prevent us from reaching it. Thus, quantum physics also speaks of what the law of attraction referred to as fending off negative thought through thinking.

Though the law of attraction bears similarity with quantum physics in many ways, it is not a scientific law, in the true sense of the term. The law of attraction is more a part of pseudoscience and a gathering of spiritual philosophies to gauge the power of human mind. Quantum physics may be considered a concrete means of explaining what the law of attraction aims at propagating.

The references to quantum physics made by the law of attraction are mostly incorrect. The proposition that thoughts, like atoms have energy fields is not a proven fact in science. The principles of thought, as supposed by the law of attraction, underline certain beliefs that are true in some cases and may be followed as example. Many of its credos have a hypothetical explanation, often attaching magical imagination. The law of attraction is mostly refined pseudoscience and has very less to do with concrete scientific truth.

Among the spiritual circles, the law of attraction is criticized strongly because of its attempts to hold individual ego and self will at unity with the higher self. The two are contradictory and cannot operate in synergy. On the other hand, the law of attraction which emphasizes repeatedly the inner consciousness and spiritual integrity makes a generalized statement; it overlooks the diversified collective mind and treats the single as the many.

The law of attraction refers to abundance. The theory explains profundity as feeling of happiness. The question is, why the law of attraction, (which is capable of resolving every situation), is unable to solve the problem of inequality of wealth? Moreover, the law of attraction aims at abundance, taking into account, there is enough for all and one only has to find his share of prosperity. The theory wants us to believe in a truth which hardly exists. The law of attraction does not delve deep enough to consider the societies or cultures where it cannot operate likewise.

The law of attraction, no doubt, is an inspiring theory dealing with the unrealized powers of mind. However, the theory appears too generalized and often misses out on external factors which may not be within the minds reach.

Chain Law!

2009-01-15T09:00:00.001-08:00

Winter often means snow-covered and icy roads. Experienced truckers know that the lighter the load, the less traction the tires have. But even trucks hauling heavy loads can lose traction in the snow and ice. That's why many states will put chain law into effect. Chain law requires truckers to put tire chains on their tires in order to gain more traction. Usually, when chains are required for trucks, cars are also required to use chains or snow tires.

Chain law is publicized by road signs and state road condition portals- websites, road condition hotlines, and the like. You'll usually only see chain law go into effect on mountain passes, but states can require chains on any roadway that encounters dangerous winter travel conditions.

Some states require that truckers carry the minimum required chains through the winter months, even if they aren't planning to chain up. Many states may allow cables instead of chains, but most will require truckers to carry chains. Cables are generally frowned on for being less effective.

California Chain Law

Road Conditions: 800-427-7623 (in state) or 916-445-7623(out of state)
Cal-Trans: 916-654-5741
California Chain-up Requirements

California does not require truckers to carry chains during certain times of the year. However, when trucks enter a posted "chains required" area, they must be carrying chains. And when chain law is in effect, truckers cannot proceed without chains on their tires. Cal-Trans will set up "truck screening" areas when chains are required to make sure that truckers are carrying the minimum required chains, so that if they need to use chains, they will be able to install them.

Generally, California requires 5-axle trucks to have chains on all tires on the main drive axle, two tires on the other drive axle, and one tire on each side of the trailer- any axle.

California has three Chain Conditions they enforce.

R-1 Chain Law:
Chains are required on all vehicles except passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks under 6,000 pounds gross weight and equipped with snow tires on at least two drive wheels. Chains must be carried by vehicles using snow tires. All vehicles towing trailers must have chains on one drive axle. Trailers with brakes must have chains on at least one axle.

R-2 Chain Law:
Chains are required on all vehicles except four-wheel-drive vehicles under 6,500 pounds gross weight and equipped with snow tires on all four wheels. Chains for one set of drive wheels must be carried by four wheel-drive vehicles using snow tires.

R-3 Chain Law:
Chains are required on all vehicles without exception.

Colorado Chain Law

Road Conditions: 511 or (303) 639-1111(out of state)/877-315-7623 (in state)
Colorado Chain-up Requirements

Chain law applies to commercial vehicles- if the truck has a gross weight rating of 10,001 lbs and the combined vehicle weight rating (truck and trailer) is 26,001 lbs, if the truck has a weight rating of 26,001 lbs, or if the vehicle is designed to carry 16 or more passengers (including the driver).

Drivers are required to carry chains on I 70 from mile marker 163 to mile marker 259 from September 1st through May 31st. If you are caught on this stretch of road during these dates without chains, you may be fined $50 plus $13 surcharge ($73).

New Fines! If chain law is in effect but you choose not to put chains on, you may be fined $500 plus $157 surcharge ($657). If chain law is in effect but you choose not to put chains on and you wind up blocking the road, you maybe fined $1000 plus $313 surcharge ($1,313).

Colorado has two levels of Chain Law they enforce.

Level I Chain Law:
All single-axle combination vehicles must chain up. This means if the truck has only a single drive axle (as opposed to duals), chains are required. All drive tires must be chained.

Level II Chain Law:
Chains are required for all commercial vehicles.

Idaho Chain Law

Idaho Road Conditions: 511 or 888-432-7623

Idaho does not require that truckers carry chains during winter months. However chains may be required to continue travel during winter weather.

Montana Chain Law

Montana Road Conditions: 511 or 406-444-6339 or 800-226-7623

Montana does not require that truckers carry chains during winter months. However, if you choose to travel without putting chains on your tires in a posted "chain area" and you get into an accident, you will have a large fine to pay. Montana requires that all tires of one drive axle be chained when chain law is in effect.

Nevada Chain Law

Nevada Road Conditions: 511 or 877-687-6237
Nevada Chain-up Requirments

Nevada has roadside signs that state "When Flashing, Chains or Snow Tires Required." If the lights are flashing, chains are required to continue travel. Vehicles that weigh more than 10,000 lbs are required to use chains.

North Dakota Chain Law

North Dakota Road Conditions : 511 or 866-696-3511

There is no mandatory chain law in North Dakota.

Oregon Chain Law

Oregon Road Conditions: 511 or 503-588-2941
Oregon Chain-up Requirements

During winter weather, trucks are required to carry the minimum amount of chains they would need to don. Oregon doesn't require that chains be carried between certain dates, but chains are required to be on the truck during winter weather conditions.

During a Conditional Road Closure, drivers are required to install chains on their tires to continue travel.

Oregon uses road signs to inform drivers of the chain-up requirements ahead. If the sign says "Snow Zone, Carry Chains or Traction Tires," the minimum required chains for your truck must be carried on the truck. If the sign says "Snow Zone, Chains Required on Vehicles Towing or Over 10,000 GVW," the minimum required chains for your truck must be installed on the tires to proceed. If the sign says "Snow Zone, Chains Required, Traction Tires Allowed on Vehicles Under 10,000 GVW," the minimum required chains for your truck must be installed on the tires to proceed.

South Dakota Chain Law

South Dakota Road Conditions: 511 or 866-697-3511

South Dakota does not require truckers to carry chains but there are times when travel will be restricted for trucks without chains on the tires.

Utah Chain Law

Utah Road Conditions: 511 or 866-511-8824

Utah requires vehicles that are likely to encounter conditions that require chain-up to carry enough chains for one drive axle.

Washington State Chain Law

Washington Road Conditions: 511 or 800-695-7623
Washington Chain-up Requirements

All vehicles over 10,000 lbs are required to carry the minimum required chains from November 1 to April 1 each year on the following routes:
I 82 between Ellensburg Exit 3 (MP 3.00) and Selah Exit 26 (MP 26.00)
I 90 between North Bend (MP 32) and Ellensburg (MP 101)
Route 2 between Dryden (MP 108) and Index (MP 36)
Route 12 between Packwood (MP 135) and Naches (MP 187)
Route 14 (MP 18) to Junction 97 (MP 102)
Route 20 between Tonasket (MP 262) and Kettle Falls (MP 342)
Route 97 between (MP 145) and Junction SR-2
Route 97 between junction SR-14 (MP 4) Columbia River and Toppenish (MP 59)
Route 155 between Omak (MP 79) and Nespelem (MP 45)
Route 410 from Enumclaw to Naches
Route 542 Mt Baker Highway between (MP 22.91) and (MP 57.26)
Route 970 between (MP 0) and (MP 10)

Wyoming Chain Law

Road Conditions: 511 or 888-996-7623

Wyoming will sometimes shut down the freeway except for all wheel drive vehicles and vehicles equipped with chains or snow tires.

The Law of Attraction Quiz Series, Understanding and Applying the Law of Attraction

2009-01-03T09:00:00.001-08:00

Do you truly understand the Law of Attraction well enough to obtain what you desire in your life? Take this quiz and find out.

The Law of Attraction sounds easy, doesn't it? But unless you know some key facts about the Law of Attraction, you may struggle to obtain what you desire. This little quiz will let you know if you understand and are applying the Law of Attraction to attract into your life your desires.

You have been applying the Law of Attraction your whole life and probably didn't even know it, but to become aware of the Law of Attraction is an important step to obtaining the life you so deserve. Many of us believe that just thinking positive thoughts will help us attain all we would like out of our lives. But there are some basics you should know about applying the LOA. Take this quiz to see how LOA savvy you really are.

Law of Attraction Question One:

You have one of those days when everyone seems to be agitated and impatient. Why is this happening?

A. It's just one of those days when everyone is being mean to me
B. I don't know why but I just want to get home to get away from people
C. It is a direct result of my past thoughts and feelings

Law of Attraction Question Two:

Besides love, what is the best feeling to emit in applying the Law of Attraction to obtain positive results continuously?

A. Competitiveness
B. Boasting
C. Gratitude

Law of Attraction Question Three:

Why does the Law of Attraction bring you what you want AND what you don't want?

A. Because the Universe brings me every feeling and thought that I have back to me
B. Because the Universe decides what is best for me
C. Because the Universe brings me what I MOSTLY focus on, whether it is a "want" or a "don't want"

Law of Attraction Question Four:

Why is it important to have a clear detailed image of what you desire?

A. Because it helps me to imagine much more easily
B. Because that is what the Universe wants
C. Because the Universe brings to me what I focus on and if my picture is unclear, the Universe has to fill in the gaps and my image may come to me distorted and different than I thought

Law of Attraction Question Five:

Is repetition important in the Law of Attraction?

A. Not really, just my positive thoughts will get me what I want
B. Yes because it helps me remember what my want is
C. Yes because the more I focus on my want (repetition) the better picture the Universe has to attract to me

Law of Attraction Question Six:

What causes a child to lose their natural ability to intentionally apply the Law of Attraction?

A. They just grow up
B. Getting a few knocks from life
C. Their 'family and friends' environment and their own perception of life

Law of Attraction Question Seven:

Which of these circumstances affects the abilities of applying the Law of Attraction?

A. The phases of the moon
B. What state my physical body is in
C. Listening to the opinions of others

Law of Attraction Question Eight:

When you come up to a problematic situation, what should you do when applying the Law of Attraction?

A. Look at the problem and see why it is problematic to you
B. Do nothing
C. Focus on the solution which is the want and don't focus on the problem which is the don't want

If you answered mostly A's or B's, you want to study much harder if you are to apply the Law of Attraction from a positive state. Try finding reliable information on the Law of Attraction to help you along so that you can intentionally create your ideal life.

If you answered A's, B's, and C's, you're on your way to learning about the Law of Attraction. Study this quiz and understand why the answers should all be C's. Keep finding answers so that you can live your life in ease at all times.

If you answered mostly C's, you are on your way to having everything you desire through the Law of Attraction. Keep studying and finding methods that work for you in attaining what you deserve in life. You have the knowledge now go out and use it to create a wonderful life for yourself through the Law of Attraction.

Law of Vibration â the Key to Understanding the Law of Attraction

2009-01-02T09:00:00.001-08:00

Of all the universal laws, the law of attraction is both the most fascinating and the most misunderstood. Fascinating, because as humans we naturally want a tool to help create the life of our dreams, and the law of attraction can certainly help us to do that. Misunderstood because, unlike a tool that we can pull out and use now and again but is otherwise inactive, the law of attraction is operating in our lives constantly and independently, whether we are consciously aware of it, or believe in it, or not.

In other words, there is no need to engage the law of attraction, it is already at work in your life and always will be. So long as you are alive and breathing, the law of attraction is at work. This is great news! You are already using the law of attraction to create everything in your life whether you realise it or not. The results that you are experiencing: your career, finances, relationships, health, home, community, and so on, are a direct result of the law of attraction and your interaction with it in the form of thoughts and feelings.

If you're not creating the kind of life you want though, chances are you are creating by default, allowing the law of attraction to bring you more and more of the same. Unfortunately, we weren't handed a life manual at birth and, for many of us, our parents were not aware of the law of attraction and so did not teach us. At Attract Like Magic we are dedicated to helping you understand this powerful universal law and how you can begin to use the law of attraction to consciously create the life of your dreams. On the Attract Like Magic site, and in upcoming newsletters and articles, we will explore everything to do with the law of attraction and provide tools that will help you to harness its power.

But in order to really understand the law of attraction, you first need to understand another of the universal laws, the law of vibration.

Law of Vibration

According to the law of vibration everything is made of energy and has a distinct frequency or vibration. With the advent of powerful enough technology, science now agrees. Quantum physicists have shown that, although matter may appear to be solid, when you look at it through a high-powered microscope so that it is broken down into its smallest components: molecules, atoms, neutrons, electrons and quanta (the smallest particles measurable), it is ultimately mostly empty space interspersed with energy.

In other words, at the quantum level, everything is comprised of energy and empty space and what makes you, your home, your car, the chair you're sitting in, seem solid is the frequency of the vibration of the energy that makes it up.

Not only does your body and all that you consider to be "you" have a distinct and unique vibration (or more correctly a mix of vibrations), but your creations, in the form of thoughts, also have distinct vibrations which affect or blend with your overall vibration.

In turn, your vibrations affect everything around you – your environment, the people and animals around you, the inanimate objects, even the seemingly 'empty' space and they, in turn, affect you. That's why, when you walk into a room where there was an earlier argument, you can sense it. We even use terms like "bad vibes", "you can feel the tension", and "you could cut the air in here with a knife" to describe it. In each case what we are referring to is the energy imprint of the earlier occupants.

Similarly, you may have gone to someone's home, office or business where, as soon as you entered, you felt the "good vibes" that filled the place. That's because, over time, a place becomes imbued with the energy imprints of the dominant vibrations of the people who live or work there. So a home, for example, can literally become filled with love or tension or anger or sadness or any other emotion, and that home will feel that way to a visitor even if none of the regular occupants are at home at the time. If you've ever entered such a place you may even have noticed how you just relaxed and felt good in response to the "good vibes" around you. Of course, the extent to which you take on the vibrations of the people and things around you is up to you – but for most people, this is not a conscious decision.

So, you are giving off vibrations every second of every day. You are also simultaneously receiving and translating the vibrations of everything and everyone around you. If we use the analogy of television, you are both a television transmitter, beaming out your own unique station, and also a television set or receiver, able to tune in to all the stations or frequencies being broadcast around you. Sometimes we refer to these incoming vibrations as intuition or "gut feelings".

So how do you know what your vibration is at any moment?

Simple - ask yourself how you are feeling.

Your emotions are a quick and handy guide to your vibration in any moment. If you feel loving, you are vibrating at the frequency of love; if you feel angry, you are vibrating at the frequency of anger; if you feel curious, you are vibrating at the frequency of curiosity, and those vibrations are received by everything and everyone around you. You are also, through the law of attraction, bringing to you more experiences that will match this vibration so when you feel angry the law of attraction will bring to you more experiences that will elicit the feeling of anger, you will attract angry people and find yourself in the middle of angry situations.

Have you ever had a day where you felt lousy, but tried to pretend that everything was OK to family, friends or co-workers? It doesn't work does it? Your friends, family or co-workers know straight away that you are not how you are pretending to be. They may ask if something is wrong, or comment that you don't seem to be your normal self. They pick up on the incongruence between what you are saying and your vibration. Because we are not used to explaining in terms of vibrations, they may attribute their knowing to something more mundane like tone of voice or body language, but even people without the full use of their senses can detect this type of incongruence.

To sum up, you are sending out vibrations every moment of every day. Those vibrations are a mix of your thoughts and feelings and they affect everything around you. At the same time you are also receiving and translating the vibrations of everything around you (which can, in turn, affect your vibration by how you react to them). Now that we understand vibration, let's look at how it interacts with the law of attraction.

Law of Attraction

The law of attraction, simply put, means energy attracts like energy. You may also have heard it expressed as "like attracts like', "that which is like unto itself is drawn" and even "thoughts become things".

The law of attraction is at work in your life every minute of every day. Your vibrations are constantly being broadcast to, and received, by the universe. This activates the law of attraction which then matches your vibrations and attracts to you similar vibrations in the form of people, things and situations in your life. In other words you are always creating your life through your thoughts and feelings. The conditions in your life, whether they are what you want or not, are always a match to your dominant vibrations.

The law of attraction, like all the universal laws, operates whether you are aware of it or not, or believe it or not. The often-used terms "what you focus on grows", "careful what you wish for (cause you just might get it)", "birds of a feather flock together" and "you can't get enough of what you don't want" are all examples of ways that we describe the law of attraction in action.

So, the question becomes - if your life is not how you would wish it to be, how do you change it? And the answer most often given by law of attraction and personal development teachers is a simple one - change your thoughts.

Simple - yes, but not easy. Here's why.

Somewhere between 94 - 98% of all thoughts are subconscious, that is, below or out of conscious awareness which means that only 2 – 6% of your thoughts are ever conscious. So, even if you managed to change all of your conscious thoughts to be positive, that still leaves an awful lot of subconscious thought, at least some of which would be negative, vibrating away in the background without you even being aware of it! If you're having trouble creating what you want in life, chances are your subconscious mind is at fault.

In our next article we will explore the subconscious mind and how it can interfere with your Law of Attraction efforts.

Labor Law Posters, It's the Law!

2008-12-24T21:00:00.000-08:00

State and Federal Labor Law Posters are Required for Small Businesses and Other Employers.

Statutes and regulations enforced by agencies within the US Department of Labor require that labor law posters and/or work place notices be posted in the work place.

Job safety and health protection labor law poster; Occupational Safety and Health Administration oversee this labor law poster. Private employers engaged in a business affecting commerce must display this labor law poster.

Equal employment opportunity labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration and Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs oversee this labor law poster. Involves Executive Order 11246, as amended; Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended; 38 U.S.C. 4212 of the Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974, as amended, Entities holding federal contracts or subcontracts or federally assisted construction contracts of $10,000 or more; financial institutions which are issuing and paying agents for U.S. savings bonds and savings notes; depositories of federal funds or entities having government bills of lading must display this labor law poster.

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) labor law poster; Minimum wage poster, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Every private, federal, state and local government employer employing any employee subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 USC 211, 29 CFR 516.4 posting of notices must display this labor law poster.

Employee Right for Workers with Disabilities/Special Minimum Wage Labor Law Poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Every employer having workers employed under special minimum wage certificates authorized by section 14(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act must display this labor law poster.

Your rights under the family and medical leave act labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Public agencies (including state, local, and federal employers), public and private elementary and secondary schools, as well as private sector employers who employ 50 or more employees in 20 or more work weeks and who are engaged in commerce or in any industry or activity affecting commerce, including joint employers and successors of covered employers must display this poster.

Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (Notice for use by all employers) labor law poster; Veterans' Employment and Training Service labor law poster. The full text of this labor law poster must be provided by each employer to persons entitled to rights and benefits under USERRA.

Notice to all employees working on Federal or Federally financed construction projects (Davis-Bacon Act) labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Any contractor/subcontractor engaged in contracts in excess of $2,000 for the actual construction, alteration/repair of a public building or public work or building or work financed in whole or in part from federal funds, federal guarantee, or federal pledge which is subject to the labor standards provisions of any of the acts listed in 29 CFR 5.1 must display this labor law poster.

Notice to employees working on government contracts (Service Contracts Act) labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Every contractor or subcontractor engaged in a contract with the United States or the District of Columbia in excess of $2,500 the principal purpose of which is to furnish services in the U.S. through the use of service employees must display this labor law poster.

Notice: employee polygraph protection act labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Any employer engaged in or affecting commerce or in the production of goods for commerce must display this labor law poster. Does not apply to federal, state and local governments, or to circumstances covered by the national defense and security exemption.

Notice migrant and seasonal agricultural worker protection act labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Agricultural employers, agricultural associations and farm labor contractors must display this labor law posters.

Now is the time to think about updating your labor law posters to avoid fines and prevent lawsuits. Don't wait until you get fined get your mandatory labor law posters compliant today. One less thing you have to "get a round too". Don't mess with the law, Osha compliance, and state and federal labor law poster posting requirements are Mandatory, get your Labor law posters updated today. Keep in mind that your state may require additional labor law poster postings.

2008-12-12T09:00:00.000-08:00

The English Legal System: Why, How Laws are Made

2008-12-09T21:00:00.000-08:00

Information of Hotel Industry Laws in India - Part1

2008-12-08T21:00:00.000-08:00

The Law of Attraction

2008-11-30T09:00:00.000-08:00

The Law of Attraction is ultimately not about control (although I do think people try to use it to control their fate) - it is about accepting a flow of good that comes from God. The idea is that this is available to everyone, and anyone can accept it at any time and their life will begin to flow more. The law of attraction is an age-old concept, but has recently gained immense popularity as more people realize there must be a better way to live. This site is dedicated to the concept of manifesting with the law of attraction using meditation, positive thinking, creative visualization and positive affirmations for a better life. The Law of Attraction is a very powerful force which affects our lives. We attract into our lives what we focus on and put our emotions and attention on.

The law of attraction is the attractive, magnetic power of the Universe that draws similar energies together. It manifests through the power of creation, everywhere and in multiple ways. The Law of Attraction is merely doing its work to deliver what you're thinking. You think of debts? The Law of Attraction is very easy and fun to learn because you are deliberately gaining what you really desire. The law is in force in our lives right this moment and whether we're aware or not, we are actually attracting jobs, people and positive situations into our lives.

The Law of Attraction is bullshit and I wasted my personal time to actually watch it (was I attracting bullshit at that time? In example, if we come up with the case that the law did not work, the blame goes on US! The Law of Attraction is not some magic art form, nor is it some 'method' by which you can improve yourself with pumps and drugs; it is simply about harnessing what is already available to you. The law is based around the laws of the Universe which state we were born with the in-built knowledge that we create our own reality ? The law of attraction is more powerful if you open up and allow yourself to receive the abundance that the universe supplies to you. If you reject your blessings, you are stopping the flow of prosperity and decreasing your attracting force.

The Law Of Attraction is not as big a Secret, as the hit movie would have you believe. Having been in existence since the very beginning of time, it is an unyielding, never bending, unbreakable Universal Rule. By becoming conscious of our thoughts and our beliefs, which are repeating thought patterns, we can gain mastery over our lives. The law of attraction is natural law. However, people's approaches to it are entirely different, unique.

The Law of attraction is at work at all times, for each of us, without exception. Once you discover that you are in fact attracting every element of your life to you, you can begin to manipulate this process and create your life by design -- that is when things start getting really interesting. The law of attraction is a positive fact that one's mental disposition attracts similar external circumstances and events. In other words, your mental intentions and attitudes draw people and things of like intention and attitude to yourself. The law of attraction is not new. Its all about the first step in becoming successful.

The law of attraction is always at work and negative thinking equals fatal attraction! The Law of Attraction is spiritual and Universal, and works on all the planes of life, from the physical to the spiritual. Its operations are uniform and constant, and we may take the phenomena of one plane and thereby study the phenomena of another plane, for the same rule applies in each case - the same Law is in operation in the same way.
The Law of Attraction is the universal law that determines how everything on this planet works. It is a law that works 100% of the time, for every person, without exception.

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The secret pays is not some blip on the internet where it's here today and gone tomorrow. But instead the secret pays is a powerful affiliate program which is over 10,000 members strong. The Secret Pays is based on The Law Of Attraction principles and does work. I saw it a couple of years ago by chance. The Secret Pays is an online wholesaler of just about any digitally downloadable software and how-to product on the internet. Our mission is to create the largest online network of successful first time and seasoned money makers through the sale of a massive collection of profit pulling products.

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10 Reasons People Quit Law School

2008-11-29T21:00:00.000-08:00

There are many reasons why people quit law school - it's a difficult and taxing time for any students, and thousands quit at the start of their first year. Let's look at the top 10 reasons why students drop out of law school.

1. Cost - The primary reason that people leave law school is because of the cost. It is very expensive to go to law school. Law school students will amass over $100,000 of student loan debts that they will be paying back for quite some time. While it's true that lawyers do make a lot of money, they don't start out that way and these debts can be a little overwhelming.

2. Job competition - Finding a job after law school is very difficult and there is a lot of competition for the best jobs. Jobs at top law firms throughout the country are highly competitive for students just out of school. This is something that even first year law school students learn quickly. Coupled with the massive debt, students are all the more deflated when they find out they will likely be making under $40,000 for the first five years after they are out of school - put this up against more than $100,000 in student loans and you find many students dropping law school for cheaper schooling careers.

3. Hours - Law school takes a lot of time - not only do you have to attend classes, you have to spend hours upon hours cramming the information into your head for the examinations and, eventually, the bar. Many law school students still want to have a social life and find that they don't have any because of the studying and homework they have to do. As a result, this cycle doesn't end out of law school - the hours in a law firm are long and arduous too.

4. The Bar Exam - The bar is a brutal exam - two to three days of testing of questions that are hard to answer because it seems a real answer doesn't exist. The preparation for the bar exam is intense - months of studying and cramming. Over 40 per cent of law students fail the bar on the first try which means doing it all over again in six months. Over 33 per cent of law students fail the bar on the second try.

5. Lack of Applicable Knowledge - Law school focuses on how to make you think like a lawyer, which doesn't really translate well to the work you will be doing. Many students figure this out in the first term of law school and find out that this isn't what they want to be doing.

6. The Need for Money - Most law school students need to have a part time job to help pay for school, and work full time during the summer. Breaks aren't spent having fun partying with friends, rather they are spent working to improve a resume and the time off from work is spent studying and reviewing material.

7. Brutal Competition - Most law school students figure out before they even get to law school that college will be a time of buckling down to get the work done. All students know that it's imperative to be near the top of the class - those are the students that land the high paying jobs. However, not all students can be at the top of the class so the competition in class is brutal, resulting in a lack of social scene; not to mention the long hours of working and studying that are also cramping their social life style.

8. Difficult Teaching Styles - Many law students can't take the heat from their professors, who are arrogant and pretentious while they are trying to drill a bunch of information into their heads.

9. Final Examinations - The final exams for any semester are almost as grueling as the bar exam itself.
10. Dealing with Others - many people will ask a law student about law, trying to get lawyer information for free on an issue they are having. Law students can do nothing to stop this endless harassment - it is something they will cope with from friends and family forever. Many can't take the constant barrage of questions and queries and thusly drop out of law school before it becomes a life long nightmare.

This is just the tip of the iceberg for reasons why law school students leave law school. If you are a law school student, you need to seriously weigh your options - school loan officers don't care if you drop out - you'll still have to pay those back. Is dropping out worth it?

Universal Laws of Attraction (Creation) and Emotional Freedom Technique

2008-11-27T09:00:00.000-08:00

To leverage the power of Emotional Freedom Technique and the Universal Laws of Creation, it is essential to know and to understand the basic principles that govern our Universe.

The Universal Laws govern all of life without exception; from the glaciers to earthquakes, from spinning tops and spinning planets to newborns and world leaders, from elephants and arachnids to amoebas, to orchids, oranges and microorganisms.

Metaphysics is the term used to study that which is beyond the physical, beyond what we can touch, see, taste and feel. The Universal Laws are the non-physical principles that govern our Universe in an unfailing, impartial, consistent and dependable fashion.

As we study the laws that govern our Universe, we see certain empirical Truths. It is through the study of these Universal Principles and Truths that we master our creative abilities.

With study, we begin to comprehend the profound implications of each law; we become more and more conscious of the power of our intentionality and of our minds; more and more conscious of the unwavering influence of our thoughts, emotions and beliefs on our experience.

As we begin to work with these Universal Truths (studying, applying, practicing, and redirecting), we learn how it is that we live either in harmony or disharmony with our dreams and goals.

By choosing to become acutely aware of our harmonious or disharmonious actions and thoughts, we experience and observe first hand the Universal Laws playing out in our lives. We experience both the 'negative' and the 'positive'.

Ultimately, we want to use this awareness to intentionally guide and direct our experience, focusing on the 'ascending' or 'positive' thoughts to attract the highest and best that life has to offer.

Now, with the support of Emotional Freedom Technique we can quickly and systematically neutralize the thoughts that oppose our goals and cause the postponement of our life's dreams.

This means that with EFT we can more easily and naturally apply the Laws of the Universe!

When we become aware of our limiting beliefs we can use this awareness to realign our energy; to align our thoughts and beliefs with the Universal Laws.

Many a metaphysical student can attest to their personal 'vibrational thesis' (their theory behind which ball of thoughts, feelings and beliefs actually created their experience.)

As we continue, we become more and more adept at specifically recalling and tracing back the thoughts, emotions, and beliefs that literally foretold our experience.

It's very important to understand that when we review our past experience it is not to repudiate or cause anxiety about our creative abilities, failings, or 'mistakes' but to discern which habitual or "beliefs by rote" may be causing us to attract an experience less than Heaven on Earth.

By assessing how and where our beliefs are either supporting or repelling our dreams, we can then intentionally alter our beliefs and thought patterns (with tools such as meditation, silence, prayer and EFT) to navigate towards our optimal future with greater effortlessness, ease and speed.
The Universal Laws of Creation:

The Universal Laws cannot be segmented or independently applied, they work consistently and inter-dependently of one another at all times.

Therefore, to 'apply the law of attraction' intentionally, one must also learn to apply the 'law of detachment', for example.

To summarize, the laws:

The Law of Attraction (aka the Law of Creation) says that whatever you put your attention upon expands.

We draw into our lives whatever we focus upon and emotionalize - be it positive or negative. The more we focus, the more attractive and stronger our vibration becomes, and the more quickly it manifests. To practice the Law of Attraction, simply put your attention and your positive emotions upon the essence of your dreams fulfilled, as if you already have them now!

The Law of Detachment (aka the Law of Allowing) says that in order to intentionally attract something, we must relinquish our attachment to it.

If we are attached, then we project negative emotions of fear, doubt, or craving, for example, which actually repels our dreams. To practice the Law of Detachment, be willing to trust in the Divine Order and Divine Timing. Choose to elevate your consciousness to a place of peaceful expectancy, a place of allowing; where you feel absolutely certain that all is well, right now.

The Law of Unlimited Potential (aka the Law of Pure Potentiality) says that we are unlimited children of a very prosperous, powerful, omnipotent, impartial, all-providing, all-sufficient, all-loving Father/Mother/God. Our Divine Inheritance is all that we desire: wealth, joy, love, peace, abundance, health, beauty, wisdom, wholeness, and harmony.

Practicing the Law of Unlimited Potential requires that we accept our divinity and realize that the Presence of the Divine is within. We do not have to earn the right to our dreams; we were born deserving of all that we desire.

When we accept our unlimited nature, we know that the Source is internal, not external. By expanding our consciousness of this Truth, that the Presence of God is within, we exalt our positive vibrational offering in an organic, all- encompassing and symbiotic manner.

The Law of Reciprocity (aka the Law of Giving) says that as you give you shall receive.

There is a failsafe method of getting everything you want; simply begin giving more of what you want away. To practice the law of reciprocity, begin taking action daily (giving of yourself towards your dreams) and begin tithing of your time, talent, and treasure to wherever you feel spiritually fed. If you aren't sure where you feel spiritual nourishment, just start giving 'it' away everywhere you go. If you aren't sure where or how to take action, just start
taking action is some way (any way) and you will be led. Give freely and with an open and unattached heart. Think of the Law of Reciprocity as priming the pump, the pump of your never-ending, all-providing well of prosperity, love, and success. Taking inspired action is the act of priming the pump and to receive we must be willing to give, both through action and generosity.

The Law of Cause and Effect: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

There is nothing in our Universe that exists independently. In other words, everything was created by something else and every new creation causes a reaction to the existing reality.

Thus, we cannot intentionally attract a new job, without causing the old job to change or cease to exist. We cannot intentionally attract a better relationship, without causing the current relationship (or situation) to change or cease to exist.

In studying this law, we become truly aware that the Universe is not random. There is no such thing as mere coincidence and in order to grow, change, and intentionally attract what we really want, we must be willing to go through the effects of change. When we immerse ourselves in the study and application of the laws of the Universe, we will notice certain 'thoughts' and 'feelings' that prevent us from mastering them.

For example, let's say we want to attract a mate using the law of attraction. If we practice the law of attraction, we will actually visualize ourselves fully embracing, loving, adoring and being loved and adored by our ideal life partner.

Then, we would practice detachment by sending forth love and gratitude for already having them in our lives. We would then maintain our vision and our faith for as long as possible. Here's where most of us go astray!

At some point, we may find ourselves looking around, wondering where our perfect man/woman is; sighing at night when they aren't laying down with us, or anxious at a dinner where everyone else is 'coupled', for example. We may find ourselves longing (not allowing but craving) a mate.

When we observe our attention going to 'he/she isn't here yet'; and this attention triggers negative emotions such as fear, sadness, worry, anxiety, or disappointment then we are attached and not practicing the law of detachment or the law of unlimited potential.

NOW, as conscious creation students, we have the opportunity to USE this awareness to pivot our attention and our vibration; we have the opportunity to eliminate the limiting beliefs that prevent us from practicing the Law of Pure Potentiality (that we are unlimited and therefore would of course have nothing to fear or worry about) and practice the Law of Detachment (that we trust in the Divine Order and know that all is well now).

With EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique) we can get in there, dig out those limiting beliefs of 'he/she isn't here yet' and neutralize them. Negative thoughts and emotions are poisonous acid to our dreams, hopes, and ambitions. Think of EFT as the antidote to the poison. EFT pours an energetic alkaline solution on the acid that's repelling our dreams. When we use EFT, we are alkalizing the poisonous thoughts and returning to a space of courage and neutrality.

When we obtain a consciousness of neutrality, we can then intentionally raise our positive emotions - our level of certainty and purely and intentionally attract outstanding success!

If you haven't used EFT in a consistent manner to eliminate the doubts that hold you back, try it for 30 days. Just give it 3 minutes a day for 30 days. You have nothing to lose and everything to gain - health, wealth, success, love, beauty, joy, peace.and so much more!

Lemon Law

2008-11-26T21:00:00.000-08:00

Lemon laws are made by United States state laws to help car consumers whose cars repeatedly fail to meet certain standards of quality and performance. The position of such cars is called lemons. The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act or federal lemon law protects every one of all states and they vary by state. Lemon law may not cover used or leased cars. The Lemon law rights managed to consumers may go beyond the warranties expressed in purchase contracts. Lemon law is just a common nickname for these laws buy every state have their own different names for such laws and acts.

In California, anything mechanical is covered by lemon laws as well as the federal lemon laws. The federal lemon law provides that the warranter may be obligated to pay attorney fees if he is involved in a lemon law suit.

Used car purchases:
If anyone purchased a used car then there are two situations where he is qualified for cash or other lemon law benefits:

Situation #1: One may be entitled to compensation for breach of warranty if he had one of the following Warranties:

a) Any warranty left from the manufacturer when you purchased your vehicle (for example, almost all vehicles sold with less than 36,000 miles will have this. But if the warranty is longer, you may have even more time).
b) The vehicle was "Certified" by the Manufacturer (in which case it came with a short Manufacturer's Warranty, typically 1 year).
c) He purchased an Extended Warranty backed by the Manufacturer (typically 5 years or longer).

Normally, these types of cases fall outside the scope of the state lemon law but are covered under special federal lemon laws.

Situation #2: When No Manufacturer's Warranty Exists. If he does not have a manufacturer's warranty of any kind he may be entitled to compensation for violations of consumer protection laws that fall outside of the lemon laws. The following is a list of some of the problems and/or issues which may be present in your vehicle. Your vehicle may be/have a:

Laundered Lemon;
Previously salvaged or wrecked;
Fraudulently rolled back odometer;
Rental car, police car, taxi, etc.;
Stolen, stripped and rebuilt; and/or
Involved in a flood.

Since Lemon Laws vary from state to state so accurate information on the scope and restrictions of Lemon Laws in a particular state can be obtained from an attorney practicing in that state.

"As is" purchases:
If a person knowingly purchase a car in "as is" condition then he accepts the defects and void his rights under the lemon law.

Other lemon laws:
Lemon laws are not limited to cars. There are RV lemon laws, boat lemon laws, motorcycle, wheelchair and computer lemon laws.

If you have a defective Motorcycle, Motor Home, used car, leased car, or a car used for business purposes and your State Lemon Law does not cover these vehicles, you still have other recourses such as the Uniform Commercial Code and the Federal Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (providing you were given a written warranty).

California Lemon Law

2008-11-25T21:00:00.000-08:00

Texas Lemon Law

2008-11-23T21:00:00.000-08:00

Lemon laws are made by United States state laws to help car consumers whose cars repeatedly fail to meet certain standards of quality and performance. The position of such cars is called lemons. The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act or federal lemon law protects every one of all states and they vary by state. Lemon law may not cover used or leased cars. The Lemon law rights managed to consumers may go beyond the warranties expressed in purchase contracts. Lemon law is just a common nickname for these laws buy every state have their own different names for such laws and acts.

In Texas, anything mechanical is covered by lemon laws as well as the federal lemon laws. The federal lemon law provides that the warranter may be obligated to pay attorney fees if he is involved in a lemon law suit.

Used car purchases:
If anyone purchased a used car then there are two situations where he is qualified for cash or other lemon law benefits:

Situation #1: One may be entitled to compensation for breach of warranty if he had one of the following Warranties:

a) Any warranty left from the manufacturer when you purchased your vehicle (for example, almost all vehicles sold with less than 36,000 miles will have this. But if the warranty is longer, you may have even more time).
b) The vehicle was "Certified" by the Manufacturer (in which case it came with a short Manufacturer's Warranty, typically 1 year).
c) He purchased an Extended Warranty backed by the Manufacturer (typically 5 years or longer).

Normally, these types of cases fall outside the scope of the state lemon law but are covered under special federal lemon laws.

Situation #2: When No Manufacturer's Warranty Exists. If he does not have a manufacturer's warranty of any kind he may be entitled to compensation for violations of consumer protection laws that fall outside of the lemon laws. The following is a list of some of the problems and/or issues which may be present in your vehicle. Your vehicle may be/have a:

Laundered Lemon;
Previously salvaged or wrecked;
Fraudulently rolled back odometer;
Rental car, police car, taxi, etc.;
Stolen, stripped and rebuilt; and/or
Involved in a flood.

Since Lemon Laws vary from state to state so accurate information on the scope and restrictions of Lemon Laws in a particular state can be obtained from an attorney practicing in that state.

"As is" purchases:
If a person knowingly purchase a car in "as is" condition then he accepts the defects and void his rights under the lemon law.

Other lemon laws:
Lemon laws are not limited to cars. There are RV lemon laws, boat lemon laws, motorcycle, wheelchair and computer lemon laws.

If you have a defective Motorcycle, Motor Home, used car, leased car, or a car used for business purposes and your State Lemon Law does not cover these vehicles, you still have other recourses such as the Uniform Commercial Code and the Federal Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (providing you were given a written warranty).

Specialization, a Huge Word in Los Angeles Law Firms

2008-11-22T21:00:00.000-08:00

As defined, a law firm is a business entity, which was formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law. It is an office where all the functions of an advocate are exercised, and where the regular course of business dealings of a lawyer is performed.

Just like any other law firms, Los Angeles Law firms impart legal services. They are the same with respect to the constitution, creation, and its components.

The difference lies mainly in the manner of their specialization. There are plenty of law offices in Los Angeles, as there are lawyers. Each law firm has its own line of expertise, just as a medical practitioner has its own specialization.

In Los Angeles, a great number of schools have sanctioned special programs of study akin to undergraduate majors. General practitioners in the legal profession have become less common, it had lost its trend in the legal career.

Specialization has become the trend of the future. Most schools in Los Angeles have now offered a formal program of specialization in a given area of the law. Some schools, however, keep specialization informal.

In present times, considering that the law is complex and has a variety of areas, it is a common practice nowadays, that a lawyer or law firm for that matter have a field of specialization.

Some Los Angeles law firms cater legal services in the area of torts-under it; we have personal injury, of family laws, of labor laws, mercantile law, banking laws, admiralty, taxation laws and other areas of law. Some firms are more inclined to specialize in criminal law and constitutional law.

The abovementioned areas of law are composed of several parts. Each part can be subject to specialization. As if for instance, in the area of family law, we have specialization in adoption laws - which cover inter-state and inter-country adoption, child custody, divorce, domestic violence and child support.

The evolution of specialization in the law profession brought so much change. General practice of law has lost its demand and utility. Specialization marks the set up of future law firms.

In Los Angeles, big law firms handled specialized cases. It is manifest how successful their venture to a particular special area of law. Some law firms in Los Angeles have become well known and had a full load of clientele. Some even becomes the authority in a particular area of law.

An observation could conclude that the profession has changed its course, so as the movement of law firms.

With this set up, the focus is concentrated on the specialized field. The efforts of a lawyer in attending to a clients cause are maximized. Consequently, the clientele has become limited.

The specialization broadened the knowledge of a lawyer to a particular field of law. The parameters are defined and it is expected that a high-level of practice be observed. The legal practice had become limited but effective.

These had become the prevailing practice in the law profession, especially in Los Angeles. Specialization had become the watchword in the legal profession.

Our Los Angeles law firm specializes in handling cases involving personal injury, employment law, social security and business law. Just link on our website and learn more about our distinguished team of expert lawyers.

State Laws and Employer I-9 Employment Verification Responsibilities

2008-11-21T21:00:00.000-08:00

Many states have enacted "mini-I-9" laws. Employers, especially companies that operate in more than one state, must closely monitor their compliance with the employment eligibility and verification laws for each state in which they do business.

The most common regulation states have imposed on businesses in recent years is requiring employers to use the federal E-Verify system to confirm workers' immigration status and employment eligibility or work authorization, specifically illegal immigrant employment eligibility, work authorization and immigration status.

E-Verify is an Internet-based system operated by Department of Homeland Security (DHS/U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) in partnership with the Social Security Administration (SSA). E-Verify is currently free to employers and is available in all 50 states. E-Verify provides an automated link to federal databases to help employers determine employment eligibility or work authorization of new hires and the validity of their Social Security numbers.

Employers or "Designated Agents" (e.g., payroll companies) must register online and agree to the terms of participation to use E-Verify. [Registration includes agreeing to the DHS/Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). A discussion of the ICE E-Verify MOU is outside the scope of this post.]

E-Verify will soon be required of all federal contractors. DHS is now promulgating "final" E-Verify regs. I present an E-Verify overview and update in this post.

(The National Conference of State Legislatures does a remarkable job of monitoring these new developments and I include a variation of their chart and summary of the new state legislation below.)

Review of Relevant State Laws

State Laws Requiring Use of E-Verify

Arizona
Arizona
The Arizona Fair and Legal Employment Act (HB 2779), enacted in 2007, prohibits employers from knowingly hiring unauthorized workers and requires all employers to use the Basic Pilot Program to verify employment eligibility. It establishes substantial penalties and threatens noncompliant employers with suspension and potential revocation of their business licenses. Effective date Jan. 1, 2008.

Colorado
Colorado HB 1343 (signed 6/6/2006) prohibits state agencies from entering into contract agreements with contractors who knowingly employ illegal immigrants and requires prospective contractors to verify legal work status of all employees. The contractor must confirm that the Basic Pilot Program has been used to verify the status of all employees. If the contractor discovers that an illegal alien is employed, the contractor must alert the state agency within 3 days.

Georgia
The Georgia Security and Immigration Compliance Act, SB 529, covered employment, enforcement, and benefits and was signed by the Governor on April 17, 2006. The bill requires public employers, contractors and subcontractors with 500 or more employees to participate in E-Verify for all new employees beginning July 1, 2007. The law is phased in for public employers, contractors and subcontractors with 100 or more employees effective July 1, 2008; and for all employers by July 1, 2009.

Idaho Executive Order
On December 13, 2006, Governor Jim Risch issued an executive order requiring that state agencies participate in the E-Verify system. Also, all workers employed to the state through contractors must also be from companies that have been verified to have eligible employees.

Minnesota Executive Order
Governor Tim Pawlenty issued an executive order on Jan. 7, 2008, stating that all hiring authorities within the executive branch of state government as well as any employer seeking to enter into a state contract worth in excess of $50,000 must participate in the E-Verify program. The Executive Order's effective date is January 29, 2008.

Mississippi
Mississippi SB2988 (signed 3/17/08) requires public and private employers to participate in E-Verify. The phase-in period is: all government agencies and businesses with more than 250 employees by July 1, 2008; companies with 100 to 250 employees by July 1, 2009; those with 30 to 100 employees by July 1, 2010; and all remaining companies by July 1, 2011. An employer violating the law is subject to the cancellation of public contracts, ineligibility for contracts for up to three years, and loss of business license for up to one year. The law also makes it a felony to accept or perform employment knowing or in reckless disregard of the immigrant's ineligibility to work, with penalties from one to five years of imprisonment and/or $1,000 to $10,000 in fines.

North Carolina
All state agencies, offices, and universities must use E-Verify, required by SB 1523 in 2006. This applies to employees hired on or after January 1, 2007, except for employees of local education agencies hired on or after March 1, 2007.

Oklahoma
The Oklahoma Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act of 2007 (HB 1804) addressed multiple issues: transporting and harboring, driver's licenses, public benefits, law enforcement and employment. It made it a felony to transport or harbor unauthorized immigrants, with exceptions for health or benefits guaranteed by federal law. It requires public employers, contractors and subcontractors to participate in a federal electronic employment verification system and requires income tax withholding for independent contractors who do not have valid Social Security numbers. The law became effective Nov. 1, 2007.

Rhode Island Executive Order
On March 27, 2008,Governor Carcieri issued an executive order requiring executive agencies to use E-Verify; and for all persons and businesses, including grantees, contractors and their subcontractors and vendors to use E-Verify.

Utah
SB 81 was signed into law 3/13/08. The law address multiple issues, including driver's licenses, law enforcement, harboring and transporting, public benefits and employment. It requires public employers to register and use the Basic Pilot program for new employees; state contractors must use Basic Pilot effective July 1, 2009. The law makes it a Class A misdemeanor to conceal, harbor, transport or shelter undocumented immigrants, though church, charitable and humanitarian assistance groups are exempted.
Encourages the Use of E-Verify (1)

Tennessee
HB 729, signed into law on June 26, 2007 and effective January 1, 2008 states that employers who "knowingly employ, recruit or refer for a fee for employment an illegal alien" are subject to a temporary suspension of their business license; repeat offenders are subject to a one-year suspension. Employers who comply with the requirements of the current I-9 process or who verify new hires through the E-Verify within 14 days of employment are shielded from sanctions.

One State Limits The Use of E-Verify
Illinois
Illinois enacted HB 1744, which bars Illinois companies from enrolling in any Employment Eligibility Verification System until accuracy and timeliness issues are resolved. Illinois also enacted HB 1743, which creates privacy and antidiscrimination protections for workers if employers participating in E-Verify don't follow the program's procedures.

State Laws Targeting Employers On Immigration Status

Current Litigation Over State Laws: Federal Pre-emption
Two lawsuits now making their way through the federal court system could restrict states' ability to continue to crack down on businesses that hire unauthorized workers. One is a court challenge to the 2007 Arizona employer sanctions law filed by a coalition of Arizona trade groups. In February, a federal judge denied the coalition's request to delay implementation of the law with a temporary restraining order, and the plaintiffs took their case to the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Oral arguments are scheduled for this summer and a decision is expected in the fall.

Another lawsuit making its way through the federal courts originated last year in Hazleton, PA, where a local ordinance enacted in 2006 denies business permits to employers who hire illegal immigrants and fines landlords who rent to them. In a ruling issued last summer, a federal judge struck down the Hazleton ordinance, saying it treads on federal terrain and violates illegal immigrants' constitutional right to due process.

The town is appealing the decision, and the case will be heard in the U.S. Third Circuit Court of Appeals this summer. A decision in this case is also expected in the fall.

If the two appellate courts hand down similar rulings; either both upholding the local laws, or both asserting federal authority, the battle over federal preemption could end there. But if the courts hand down opposing decisions – one supporting state authority and the other backing federal preemption – the debate will likely go to the Supreme Court. The consequence: no clear direction for state lawmakers for at least a year or two.

Many legal experts say the bills being passed in state capitals are not constitutional, and many of the new laws are being challenged in court. The U.S. Constitution gives federal law "supremacy" over state statutes. My personal understanding of the fundamental "pre-emption" issue is that the federal laws do not pre-empt these state laws. Frankly, this is a very complex constitutional issue.

The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) explicitly prohibits states from imposing sanctions on businesses that hire unauthorized workers. But one phrase in the 1986 law – a seven-word parenthesis allowing states some leeway in the matter of "licenses and similar laws" – has created a contested gray area.

Many states have taken the IRCA parenthesis to mean they have the authority to suspend or revoke the business licenses of employers who hire unauthorized workers. Businesses and many constitutional lawyers disagree.

"You have this complex overlay of statutes and regulations and court cases, and you've got this federalism question of what has traditionally been federal power and what the states can do," Jan Ting, a Temple University law professor, told the Washington Post. "There could not be an area of law that is less clear than this."

Because states have until recently stayed away from imposing sanctions for immigration violations, federal preemption has rarely been tested and few court precedents exist.

Private Rights of Action
While E-Verify requirements have so far proven the most popular method to deter the hiring of illegal immigrants, some states are beginning to make use of another tool: giving employees a "private right of action." Oklahoma was the first state to pass such legislation, in 2007, allowing fired U.S. workers to sue their employers if unauthorized workers were subsequently found to be working in their place. Mississippi, Utah and South Carolina followed with similar provisions this year, allowing fired workers to sue if they are then replaced by illegal immigrants. Some say the laws could open businesses to lawsuits if they employ any unauthorized workers, whether or not they have hired them to replace fired legal workers. Other states are expected to adopt this approach next year.

Also still in place are provisions mandating that all businesses in Arizona enroll in E-Verify and allowing prosecutors to investigate anonymous tips made against businesses alleged to be employing unauthorized workers.

State Felony Laws
Companies should also be concerned about a Mississippi law that makes it a felony for illegal immigrants to accept unauthorized employment. Violators are subject to imprisonment from one to five years and fines of between $1,000 and $10,000. And while the measure seemingly applies only to unauthorized workers, if I had clients who do business in Mississippi I would be strongly cautioning them. I have many clients, both individual and business, where the kind employer assists driving the very good employee to work because the employee does not have a valid state driver license because s/he lacks immigration status. In my opinion a business can be prosecuted for aiding and abetting a felony or harboring a felon under this law.

Oklahoma also imposed felony penalties, in 2007 – in that case, against anyone caught transporting, concealing, harboring or sheltering illegal immigrants in any location,
including any building or means of transportation. Utah, Missouri and South Carolina passed similar measures this year, and many fear the provisions could be used against employers who knowingly hire unauthorized workers.

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2008-11-15T21:00:00.001-08:00

7 Laws to Attract Wealth Into your Life

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1. The Law of Perpetual Transmutation:

The best definition of Natural Law seems to be that, "it is the uniform and orderly method of the omnipotent God. Unlike any other form of animal life that has been created, we were given the power of choice or free will; along with this power came certain responsibilities. The capacity to choose does not involve freedom from the consequence of our choice. The laws or rules which govern every individual, and which we cover to some degree in this book, are as exact as the laws which govern the material universe. You can act in accordance with these laws or you can disregard them, but you cannot in any way alter them. The law forever operates and holds you to strict accountability, and there is not the slightest allowance made for ignorance. The law of attraction will deliver to you what you do not want as quickly and as certainly as it will deliver what you do want.

2. The Law of Relativity:

In the study of this law, we find that all things are relative. All laws are related to each other and correspond with each other. The laws of the little are the laws of the great. There is no big nor small, fast nor slow, except by comparison. Every law that is a law must be relative to all other laws. In other words, they must be in harmony, agreement and correspond with each other. An understanding of this law will give one the means of solving many of the secrets of nature that seem to be para- doxical. The much discussed fourth dimension is nothing more nor less than the dimension of vibration. Again, all rates of vibration are either high or low, only by comparison with those above or below them.
Whenever the law is properly used, you win. Let's remember that everyone does something better than you and, likewise, you do something better than every person you meet. When you relate something you do that you are not proficient at, to something another person does that they have mastered, you will not look good. You are using the law against yourself. Begin using this law to heighten your self esteem. You will then become aware of how special you are in the light of truth.

3. The Law of Vibration and Attraction:

Everything in the universe vibrates...nothing rests. We really do live in an ocean of motion. This truly contains the great secret of life. You are always moving toward something and it is always moving toward you... it's action and attraction. This is where your intuitive factor is used (or should be). You can use it to pick up other people's vibrations. When you consciously become aware of vibrations, you call them feelings. When you feel bad, you can change your feelings by thinking good thoughts. When you pick up abad feeling from another person...you know they must be thinking disturbing thoughts. You must not let their negative vibrations affect your way of thinking.
Your thoughts are vibrations that you send off into the universe. When you concentrate, the vibrations are stronger. Your thoughts are cosmic waves of energy that penetrate all time and space (vibrations). Thought is the most potent vibration and remember that you can think...that makes you a very special creation (God's greatest masterpiece). You should always be delighted with yourself. (All creation begins in thought.) Your thought controls the vibration your physical body is in. Disease is a body that is not at ease. Health is a body at ease.

4. The Law of Polarity:

Everything in the universe has its opposite. There would be no inside to a room without an outside. If you referred to this side of the sheet of paper that these words are writen on as the top, then the other side would be the bottom. You have a right and left side to your body, a front and back. Every up has a down and every down has an up. The law of polarity not only states that everything has an opposite...it is equal and opposite. If it was 3 feet from the floor up on to the table, it would be 3 feet from the table down to the floor. If it is 150 miles from Manchester to London, by law it must be 150 miles from London to Manchester; It could not be any other way.
If something you considered bad happens in your life, there has to be something good about it. If it was only a little bad, when you mentally work your way around to the other side, you will find it will only be a little good.

5. The Law of Rhythm:

The law of rhythm embodies the truth that everything is moving to and fro, flowing in and out, swinging backward and forward. There is a high and a low tide. Everything is flowing, both in and out, in accordance with the law. There is always a reaction to every action. Something must advance when anything retreats; Something must rise when anything sinks. This law governs the movement of the planets in their orbits and also manifests in the mineral and vegetable kingdoms. Men and women can observe this law in their mental, physical and emotional states. The law of rhythm is universal. This can be observed in the rising and setting of the sun and moon, ebb and flow of the tides, coming and going of the seasons, and in the rhythmic swing of consciousness and unconsciousness.
You are not going to feel good all the time; No one does. If you did, you wouldn't even know it. The low feelings are what permit you to enjoy the high feelings.
There will always be highs and lows in life. Reason gives us the ability to choose our thoughts (that is free will). Even when you are on a natural down swing, you can choose good thoughts with your free will and continue to move up toward your goal.

6. The Law of Cause and Effect:

Every cause has its effect; every effect, its cause. There is no such thing as chance. Everything happens according to law. Nothing in the entire universe ever happens, unless it occurs according to law. Nothing ever escapes the law. It is impossible for the human mind to conceive of starting a new chain of causation, for the simple reason that every effect must have a cause; and in turn, that cause must have an effect. Thus, we have the perpetual, never-ending cycle of cause and effect.
Ralph Waldo emerson called the law of cause and effect, the law of laws. You are, of course, very interested in results. Your physical health, your relationships, the respect you earn, your material income. You must concentrate on the cause, and the effect will automatically take care of itself. That is how the law works.

7. The Law of Gender:

The law of gender manifests in all things as masculine and feminine. It is this law that governs what we know as creation. The word creation is often erroneously used, for, in reality, nothing is ever created. All new things merely result from the changing of something that was, into something else that now is. The law of gender manifests in the animal kingdom as sex. It also manifests in the mineral and vegetable kingdoms. Without the dual principle of male and female in all things, there could not be a difference of potential, perpetuation of motion, nor a regeneration. This law is the one which finally closes the cycle and completes the circle of the seven subsidiary laws under one great law.
This is in truth, the creative law. This law decrees everything in nature is both male and female. Both are required for life to exist.
This law also decrees that all seeds (ideas are spiritual seeds) have a gestation or incubation period before they manifest. In other words, when you choose a goal or build the image in your mind, a definate period of time must elapse before that image manifests in physical results.

International Humanitarian Law

2008-11-15T00:11:00.001-08:00

International Humanitarian Law

What is International Humanitarian law?

Fact sheet providing a summary description of the sources, content and field of application of international humanitarian law.

International humanitarian law is a set of rules which seek, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict. It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities and restricts the means and methods of warfare. International humanitarian law is also known as the law of war or the law of armed conflict.

International humanitarian law is part of international law, which is the body of rules governing relations between States. International law is contained in agreements between States – treaties or conventions – in customary rules, which consist of State practice considered by them as legally binding, and in general principles.

International humanitarian law applies to armed conflicts. It does not regulate whether a State may actually use force; this is governed by an important, but distinct, part of international law set out in the United Nations Charter.

Where did International Humanitarian Law originate?

International humanitarian law is rooted in the rules of ancient civilizations and religions – warfare has always been subject to certain principles and customs.

Universal codification of international humanitarian law began in the nineteenth century. Since then, States have agreed to a series of practical rules, based on the bitter experience of modern warfare. These rules strike a careful balance between humanitarian concerns and the military requirements of States. As the international community has grown, an increasing number of States have contributed to the development of those rules. International humanitarian law forms today a universal body of law.

Historical Convergence between International Humanitarian Law and the Laws of War

For most of the 20th century, international humanitarian law or the "Law of Geneva" was distinguished from the "Law of The Hague" or the Laws of War proper. The Law of The Hague "determines the rights and duties of belligerents in the conduct of operations and limits the choice of means in doing harm." In particular, it concerns itself with the definition of combatants, establishes rules relating to the means and methods of warfare, and examines the issue of military objectives.

At the same time, the Law of Geneva, which focuses mainly on human beings as victims of war, is directly inspired by the principle of humanity. It relates to those who are not participating in the conflict as well as military personnel hors de combat. It provides the legal basis for protection and humanitarian assistance carried out by impartial humanitarian organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross. This focus can be found in the Geneva Conventions.

With the adoption of the 1977 Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, the two strains of law began to converge. Already before, articles focusing on humanity could be found in the Law of The Hague (i.e. the protection of certain prisoners of war and civilians in occupied territories) articles which were later incorporated into the Law of Geneva in 1929 and 1949). However the Protocols of 1977 relating to the protection of victims in both international and internal conflict not only incorporated aspects of both the Law of The Hague and the Law of Geneva, but also important human rights aspects.

Where is International Humanitarian Law to be found?

A major part of international humanitarian law is contained in the four Geneva Conventions of 1949.Nearly every State in the world has agreed to be bound by them. The Conventions have been developed and supplemented by two further

agreements: the Additional Protocols of 1977 relating to the protection of victims of armed conflicts. Other agreements prohibit the use of certain weapons and military tactics and protect certain categories of people and goods.

These agreements include:

Ø the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, plus its two protocols;

Ø the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention;

Ø the 1980 Conventional Weapons Convention and its five protocols;

Ø the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention;

Ø the 1997 Ottawa Convention on anti-personnel mines;

Ø the 2000 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. Many provisions international humanitarian law are now accepted as customary law – that is, a general rules by which all States are bound.

When does International Humanitarian Law apply?

International humanitarian law applies only to armed conflict; it does not cover internal tensions or disturbances such as isolated acts of violence. The law applies only once a conflict has begun, and then equally to all sides regardless of who started the fighting. International humanitarian law distinguishes between international and non-international armed conflict.

International armed conflicts are those in which at least two States are involved. They are subject to a wide range of rules, including those set out in the four Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I.

Non-international armed conflicts are those restricted to the territory of a single State, involving either regular armed forces fighting groups of armed dissidents, or armed groups fighting each other. A more limited range of rules apply to internal armed conflicts and are laid down in Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions as well as in Additional Protocol II. It is important to differentiate between international humanitarian law and human rights law. While

some of their rules are similar, these two bodies of law have developed separately and are contained in different treaties. In particular, human rights law– unlike international humanitarian law –applies in peacetime, and many of its provisions may be suspended during an armed conflict.

What does International Humanitarian Law cover?

International humanitarian law covers two areas:

Ø the protection of those who are not, or no longer, taking part in fighting;

Ø restrictions on the means of warfare – in particular weapons– and the methods of warfare, such as military tactics.

Basic rules of International Humanitarian Law

Persons hors de combat and those not taking part in hostilities shall be protected and treated humanely.

It is forbidden to kill or injure an enemy who surrenders or who is hors de combat.

The wounded and sick shall be cared for and protected by the party to the conflict which has them in its power. The emblem of the red cross or the red crescent must be respected as the sign of protection.

Captured combatants and civilians must be protected against acts of violence and reprisals. They shall have the right to correspond with their families and to receive relief.

No one shall be subjected to torture, corporal punishment or cruel or degrading treatment.

Parties to a conflict and members of their armed forces do not have an unlimited choice of methods and means of warfare.

Parties to a conflict shall at all times distinguish between the civilian population and combatants. Attacks shall be directed solely against military objectives.

What is "protection"?

International humanitarian law protects those who do not take part in the fighting, such as civilians and medical and religious military personnel. It also protects those who have ceased to take part, such as wounded, shipwrecked and sick combatants, and prisoners of war. These categories of person are entitled to respect for their lives and for their physical and mental integrity. They also enjoy legal guarantees. They must be protected and treated humanely in all circumstances, with no adverse distinction. More specifically: it is forbidden to kill or wound an enemy who surrenders or is unable to fight; the sick and wounded must be collected and cared for by the party in whose power they find themselves. Medical personnel, supplies, hospitals and ambulances must all be protected. There are also detailed rules governing the conditions of detention for prisoners of war and the way in which civilians are to be treated when under the authority of an enemy power. This includes the provision of food, shelter and medical care, and the right to exchange messages with their families. The law sets out a number of clearly recognizable symbols which can be used to identify protected people, places and objects. The main emblems are the Red Cross, the red crescent and the symbols identifying cultural property and civil defense facilities.

What restrictions are there on weapons and tactics?

International humanitarian law prohibits all means and methods of warfare which:

Ø fail to discriminate between those taking part in the fighting and those, such as civilians, who are not, the purpose being to protect the civilian population, individual civilians and civilian property;

Ø cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering;

Ø cause severe or long-term damage to the environment. Humanitarian law has therefore banned the use of many weapons, including exploding bullets, chemical and biological weapons, blinding laser weapons and anti-personnel mines.

Is International Humanitarian Law actually complied with?

Sadly, there are countless examples of violation of international humanitarian law. Increasingly, the victims of war are civilians. However, there are important cases where international humanitarian law has made a difference in protecting civilians, prisoners, the sick and the wounded, and in restricting the use of barbaric weapons. Given that this body of law applies during times of extreme violence, implementing the law will always be a matter of great difficulty. That said, striving for effective compliance remains as urgent as ever.

What should be done to implement the law?

Measures must be taken to ensure respect for international humanitarian law. States have an obligation to teach its rules to their armed forces and the general public. They must prevent violations or punish them if these nevertheless occur. In particular, they must enact laws to punish the most serious violations of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols, which are regarded as war crimes. The States must also pass laws protecting the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems. Measures have also been taken at an international level: tribunals have been created to punish acts committed in two recent conflicts (the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda). An international criminal court, with the responsibility of repressing inter alia war crimes, was created by the 1998 Rome Statute. Whether as individuals or through governments and various organizations, we can all make an important contribution to compliance with international humanitarian law.

Province of International Laws Determined

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:-

The international laws in the current aspects as viewed by most of the jurists round the globe are the laws that govern the relations of the nations with each other and the control over the individualism and freedom of these democratic as well as otherwise nations. the international laws are thought to be the governing machineries of the contemporary scenario in which the accountability of the nations for the most inhumane crimes being done by them are brought to the court. in the various books that talk of "taking the state to court" and the "mobilization" standards of the present F1 generations are being expressly interviewed. These scholar works tend to connote that the international laws are the tools that can limit the future dangers of the international insecurity and other problems of colonization etc. faced by most of the nations of the world. These nations are threatened by the superpowers for being forced to remove their ruling strategy. The United Nations has done several peacekeeping operations and has set various organizations that intend to store the peace and spirit of coordination and cooperation in the world. The theories of the international laws that are found to be dealing with the origin and the gradual development of the international laws have been asked a lot of questions as the race for hegemony is on the peak. Growing problems of racism and international terrorism are the new challenges being faced by the international laws today. This article presents various such aspects and put the suggestions for their solutions under one umbrella. The first question before everyone is this that "what are the international laws and what purpose do they serve for humanity and international peace?" This is the most critical question that corresponds to the enforcement of international and the limits of the international courts of justice being determined. We know that the function of the national laws is to regulate the behavior of the individuals but when we intend to talk of the international laws, the shoes of individuals are wore by the states. What if the international laws are the vanishing point of the world? It is well known to the students of the international laws that the primary function of the international law is to regulate the conduct of the states while on the other hand the national laws intend to regulate the conduct of the individuals. If we examine the contours on which the body of international law is explained we could easily derive the conclusion that most of the allegations that are imposed upon the rule of international laws are concerning their applicability or jurisdiction in one way or the other. Thus the international laws are to be made more binding and the forces that provide sanctioning power to such laws are to be extending to ensure the desired obedience. The identity of the international laws another such aspect that is necessary to limit the province of international laws. The state and non-sate actors are also the key aspects that correspond to the applicability of the international laws. We here mean the kinds of acts performed by the international superpowers and other small newly independent states. In various cases of hegemonic expansion and colonialism, it could be traced that the war-crimes and crimes against humanity are recorded.

02. TAKING THE STATE TO THE COURT

In the contemporary growth of the international law, the growing awareness among the people of the various countries has led to the introduction of the concept of public interest litigation which has increased and widened the opportunities that even the states could be brought under the jurisdiction of the courts. In a study by the German philosopher "Hans Dembowski", it has been concluded that the growing political unfairness and other political reasoning have led to the introduction of Judicial Activism which has led to the growth of the power and abilities accompanied with the authoritativeness of the judiciary. International laws deal with the sociology of governance and in this respect connote to the division of power between the administrative and judicial branches of the government and their interaction with society as a whole in the particular cases that have been studied. The ongoing, excited media debate about the public interest litigation and judicial activism makes this evident. This function has typical stand point in certain countries of the world. The international arena on which various countries are brought on the same standard in the international court are is seemingly an attempt to ensure fairness and security in the international contour. Let us have a look over the two important aspects that have been the focus of study in the international society.

[A]. State Sovereignty

Sovereignty, for the past several centuries, has been the foundation of interstate relations and the world order. The concept- defined as the independent and unfettered power of a state in its jurisdiction-lies at the heart of the customary international law and the UN charter. It remains both an essential component of the maintenance of international peace and security and a defense for weak states against the strong. At the same time, the concept has never been as inviolable, either in law or in practice, as a formal legal definition might imply. In his 1992 An agenda for peace, UN secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali pronounced that the theory of sovereignty never matched the reality. In exploring why the westphalian sovereignty is continuously ignored or violated, Stephen Kraser has noted straightforwardly that "organized hypocrisy is the normal state of affairs. Sovereignty has routinely been violated by the powerful. In today’s globalizing world, it is generally recognized that cultural, economic influences neither respect borders nor require entry visas in both powerful and the powerless countries. The concept of state sovereignty is well envisaged in the legal and the political discourse, but territorial boundaries have come under the stress. Not only technology but also communications have made the boundaries permeable, but the political dimensions of the internal disorder and suffering often can result in wider international disorder. The initial purpose of this discussion is to set out the scope and significance of state sovereignty as a foundation on which to explore the contemporary debates about intervention. The literature on this subject is vast and contentious. As one legal analyst accurately summarizes:

Few subjects in the international law and international relations are as sensitive as the notion of sovereignty. Steinberger refers to it in the Encyclopedia of Public International Law as "the most glittering and controversial notion in the history, doctrine and the practice of the international law." On the other hand, Henkin seeks to banish it from our vocabulary and others call it " a word that has emotive quality lacking meaningful specific content". There is little neutral ground when it comes to sovereignty.
State sovereignty denotes the competence, independence and legal equality of the states. The concept is normally used to encompass all matters in which each state is permitted by international law to decide and act without intrusions from the other sovereign states. The scope of freedom of choice in these matters is not unlimited; it depends upon developments in international law and in international relations. The current foundations of the international law with regard to sovereignty were shaped by the agreements concluded by the European states as part of the treaties of Westphalia in 1648. the 1993 Montevideo Convention On Rights and Duties of States spells out the following main essentials: a permanent population, a defined territory, a functioning government, and the ability to enter into relations with the other states. The Montevideo definition includes both empirical (population and effective government) and juridical (borders and independence) components. There is a controversy regarding the accurate sovereignty of the states in Africa which has been the problem in the enforcement of the principles of the convention. These states are sovereign de jure but not de facto. As a hallmark of statehood, the territorial sovereignty is a must in the international system. An act of aggression is unlawful for two reasons: it undermines the international order, and states have exercised their sovereignty to outlaw war in the UN charter. The failure or the weakening of the state capacity brings tragedies and international insecurity. In sum, sovereignty is the key constitutional safeguard of the contemporary international order. Despite the pluralisation of the international relations resulting from the proliferation of the non-state actors which is evidenced by globalization, democratizationand privatization worldwide- the sate remains the fundamental guarantor of human rights locally as well as building block of international society.
Critical Issues

Instead of the heavy recommendations on the maintenance and enforcement of sovereignty among the states, this constitutional aspect of every nation is subject to limitation in the statements of the United Nations which have dealt heavily upon the matters concerning the world peace and a definite civil order in the international community. These limitations are as described under:-

Firstly, the charter of the United Nations contains collective international obligations for the maintenance of international peace and security. According to Chapter VII, sovereignty is not a barrier to Security Council action in response to " a threat to peace, a breach of the peace or an act of aggression."

Secondly, sovereignty may be limited by customary international law and treaties. States are responsible for their international obligations, and therefore sovereignty cannot be an excuse for not performing the duties to which they have agreed sovereignty thus carries with it responsibilities to protect the persons and property, as well as to regulate political and economic affairs. Sovereignty cannot shield internal violations of Human rights that contradict the international obligations. It has been evident in the pages of history that in a no of cases, the Security Council endorsed the use of military force for the protection of the populations in the states which were caught in the throes of war.

[B.] Changes And Continuity In The International System

Limits to the sovereignty are widely accepted-its erosion by economic, cultural and environmental factors, for example, or by customary law and voluntarily agreed treaty obligations. But Annan’s assertion of popular sovereignty was a far more radical challenge. It joined three other threats to traditional notions of state sovereignty that arose in the 1990s and are relevant for our consideration of humanitarian intervention: the right of self-determination, a broadband conception of international peace and security; and the collapse of state authority. In spite of significant change, the international system reflects substantial continuities: in centrality of state decision making and the lack of any changes overriding central authority. But situating the nature of changes and continuities is the task of political analysis and judgment. However, after the end of the cold war, these situations changed to a great extent. Firstly, the soviet union became a superpower in which Russia led the legal status of USSR, including a permanent seat on the Security Council, but 14 other states were created by the implosion of the former soviet union. Shortly, thereafter, Yugoslavia broke up into six independent states, with Serbia and Montenegro later forming the republic of Yugoslavia. Contemporary politics in developing countries is conditioned by the legacy of colonialism. The second challenge is that the broadening interpretation of threats to international peace and security, the charter’s only enshrined license to override the principle of noninterference. The third challenge was to the traditional interpretations of the sovereignty has arisen because of the incapacity of some states to exercise effective authority over their authorities and populations, a topic that is dealt extensively by the international community. For these states sovereignty is a legal fiction which never matches to reality. The political vacuum leads to the nonstate actors taking matters into their own hands and is usually accompanied by the forced displacement of the people. The United Nations confronts the same constraints today as the diplomats and politicians have since time immemorial, and certainly since the beginning of the modern efforts at the multilateral cooperation in the 19th century.

[C.] The International Court of Justice (ICJ):-

The international court of justice even though working for the enforcement of the principles behind the objective of maintenance of peace among the states of the world have been posed by various questions that are the critical areas of thought that concern the epistemology behind the working of the international courts. The states which are prosecuted in the court suffer from various discriminations and differentiations. The trials that are governed or were carried out at Nuremberg etc. follow the traditional principles i.e. TRC Act, 1995. This method has been given the name "Victor’s Justice". The victor prosecuting the accused in his own sort of understanding and reasoning is clearly presenting the breaking of the basic norm of the law that "nobody could be a judge in his cause". This method of trial was applied in the Saddam’s trial when USA attacked it after it had the security threats from Iraq that it possessed nuclear weapons of mass destruction. The differentiation and the discrimination which has been done against Saddam have been, clearly witnessed by the world that dreams of making a new world order that involves the concept of Justice. The influence of Gandhian thought is clearly visible in the TRC Act. The basic problem is that most of the overwhelming systems of justice of the contemporary world are penal, and having very less imports of the impressions of peace. There the troublesome atmosphere prevails in the international level. It imposes stress upon the mind that what does the phrase "Taking the state to court" means. The solution is thus provided:

01.

02.

03.

04.

05.
The concept of collective security of the nations should be enforced and that the violence as the means of achieving objectives should be destroyed to the maximum extent possible.The inter-state relations should be given more importance and the suppression of the voice of the mobilized groups should not occur. The concept that could prevent a party from giving statements should be abandoned. The method od prosecution called as "victor’s justice" should be deleted because that leads to the serious violation of the principle of "audi alterum partum" and the judgment seems to be biased. The limits over the application of the international laws and the scope of the obedience of the same should be expanded. The international laws/treaties/conventions should be accompanied with more degree of sanction. The retributive nature of punishment should be overcome and new strategies to make the international laws more humane should be attempted.There should be prosecution of the states that interfere with the enjoyment of the right of sovereignty of the other states without any firm and reasonable cause.Besides prosecuting a state for the violation of treaty or other humanitarian principles, the focus of the prosecution should be to derive a method for the solution of the problem. The same may include the support of fellow members of the UN.

03. DEMOCRACY AND INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY

Democracy as a norm and the promotion of democracy as an activity has become far more deeply embedded within international society in various ways. In the first place, there has been an enormous expansion in the involvement of the UN and regional organization in elections. Electoral assistance has become an established part of UN activities and has also led to development of a broad transnational and trans-governmental network of electoral assistance, party support, and monitoring.second, external actors have routinely become involved in democracy promotion as a result of the expansion in the number and scope of peacekeeping operations, whose multi dimensional character came in many places to include human rights and democracy as well as demilitarization, refugee protection and state-building. In the cases of direct international administration of territory, the assumption of the sovereign power involved both transitional administration and also democratic regime-building. Third, democratic membership criteria have been established in two regions, and, in the case of Europe, democracy, human rights, and minority rights have all played a central part of the process of EU enlargement, the conditionality policies of the EU, and its extensive programme of member-state building. Finally, an increasing body of academic writing has opened up the idea of a legal right to democratic governance. The normative expansion of the international society to include democracy was also driven by political factors. Although there were references to ‘democratic’ rights in UN Declaration, the conditions of the cold war meant that formal incorporation of political democracy into the human rights system was politically impossible. This changed as a result of the wave of transitions from authoritarian rule in Southern Europe and the developing world in the late 1970s and 1980s; and the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union; by the liberal self-confidence that followed the ending of cold war and the belief that liberal democracy and free markets were sweeping the world; and the consolidation of the place of democracy in US foreign policy. Two broader shifts need to be highlighted, both of which link academic analysis and political perceptions. The first concerns the progress of democratic change and the possibilities of democratization. During the cold war, Western governments were suspicious that the political change would be destabilizing, bringing to power either those who would ally themselves with the Soviet Union or who would challenge western economic interests. Democratization then carried with it some counter-hegemonic potential. It is also widely held in Western capitals and amongst the private sector that authoritarian governments were most suited to promoting economic development. Many academicians argued that, in any case, democracy required a wide range of ‘prerequisites’ that were lacking in many postcolonial societies. The wave of transition that began in Southern Europe and Latin America in the late 1970s ushered in a striking reassessment: democratization becomes the norm rather than the exception; the exception is of generally forward movement; and the democratization appears to be easier and less problematic than had been previously believed. A post-cold war world meant that unstable and potentially oppositional regimes could no longer look to the Soviet Union. And a globalized world meant that economic nationalism was no longer and option. The trade-offs between uncertain democratization, security interests, and economic preferences were apparently easing and a strong sense of difficulties of democracy gave way to an increased sense of ‘possiblism’. The conversion by the mid 1980s of US foreign policy was retold through a different lens that stressed the country’s historic mission to extend and promote democracy. The other important shift in thinking reflected the allegedly proven link between democracy and peace. Democratic peace theory builds on long tradition writing on international relations, often associated with Kant. However, it only formed one part of Kant’s political thought and had already become a liberal commonplace by the end of the 18th century. Other precursors of modern DPT include Karl Deutsch’s writing in the 1950s on security communities- groups of states in which there is real assurance that the members of that community will not fight each other physically but will settle their disputes in some other way. Overlooked or neglected by many studies of war causation, it became a major theme both of academic writing on international relations and of political and public debate on the nature of the post-cold war international order. Theorists argue that two sets of casual factors are important in explaining the democratic peace. In the first place, the structural constraints of democratic institutions and of democratic politics make it difficult or even impossible for war-prone leaders to drag their states into wars. They also stress the joint effect of these democratic constraints, together with the greater openness and transparency of liberal democracies. If both sides are governed by cautious, cost-sensitive politicians that only use force defensively, then conflict is far less likely to occur. Second, democratic peace theorists highlight the importance of normative mechanisms. Liberal and democratic norms include shared understandings of appropriate behavior, stabilize expectations of the future, and are embedded in both institutions and political culture. Rule-governed change is a basic principle; the use of coercive force outside the structure of rules is prescribed; and trust and reciprocity, rule of law are at the heart of democratic politics. From this view, then, the democratic peace is produced by the way in which democracies externalize their domestic political norms of tolerance and compromise into their foreign relations, thus making war with others like them unlikely. The democratic peace hypothesis rests on two claims: (a) that democracies almost never fight each other and very rarely consider the use of force in their mutual relations and (b) that other types of relations are much more conflictual including democracies’ interactions with non-democracies. The claim is almost always made in probabilistic terms. Few claim that it is a deterministic law. It is not a general theory since it is agnostic or at least much less certain about the relationship between democracies and non-democracies. But it provides some grounds for liberal optimism, even if only within the democratic zone. If true, it holds out the possibility that the homogenization of domestic political systems could transform global political order- in marked contrast both to traditional realist accounts of world politics and pluralistic accounts of international society. The main debates surrounding the democratic peace and the main issues raised by critics and skeptics include: (a) the reliability of the statistical evidence for the democratic peace, especially in the pre 1945 period; (b) the existence of alternative casual logics, especially in explaining regional clusters of peaceful states as in Europe or the Americas; (c) the difficulties of defining key terms in the theory, especially war and democracy; (d) and the problems raised by democratization processes and the evidence that, whilst fully consolidated democracies could be peaceful, democratizing states, specially in unstable areas, may be more conflict-prone than authoritarian regimes. Here are certain important issues noted from the speech (annual report) by the UN secretary general which was delivered in the General Assembly in 2007:--

01.

02.

03.

04.

05.

06.

07.

Despite these positive developments, however, efforts to expand democratic governments still face significant challenges. Many countries continue to limit fundamental freedoms, and governments face problems of the public sector efficiency, transparency and accountability. Women are playing a growing role in building democracy, but in the top leadership positions their numbers remain limited. Indigenous peoples and marginalized groups are also often excluded from power. Moreover, without vigorous participation democratic participation, official accountability, and strengthened institutional capacity, governments are unlikely to deliver on their commitments to achieve the millennium declaration, including the millennium development goals, and other internationally agreed development goals.The Un democracy fund has begun to make its mark. During first year of activities it funded 122 projects out of 1300 proposals submitted. The projects are implemented in partnership with diverse national actors. The fund’s activities encouraged transparency in government and supported national human rights institutions, civic education, electoral systems and processes, as well as political parties. There was a major focus on the participation of the youth and women in decision-making, 62 % of the submitted proposals containing a significant gender component and 37% explicitly promoting women’s rights and gender equality.The sixth international conference of new or restored democracies, held in Dolha from 29 October to 1 November 2006, reaffirmed a common commitment to democratization on the part of 100 governments, 69 parliaments and 97 civil society organization which took part. An advisory board and a nucleus secretariat were established to assist the chair of the conference in implementing the decisions of the conference.As countries enter the post-conflict phase, the focus of the UN assistance often shifts to consolidating the experience gained by newly created electoral institutions. An example is Liberia, where in September 2006 the UN mission in Liberia handed over the responsibility for long-term UN electoral assistance to UNDP.Meanwhile, the volume of technical electoral assistance to member states continued to increase. More than 30 technical assistance projects were launched in 2006, mainly through UNDP. United nations electoral assistance is often provided, moreover, in complex political environments. In the case of Mauritania, following the advice of the united Nations, the national authorities put specific measures in place that contributed to the credibility of a constitutional referendum and parliamentary and local elections in 2006, and presidential elections in 2007.Although the past year saw the scaling-down of several large and complex electoral operations, including operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and Liberia, the UN made a major contribution to the holding of historic parliamentary, presidential and provincial assembly elections in July and October 2006 in the democratic republic of the CongoThe United Nations continues to foster democracy and good governance, not only through its assistance in the holding of credible elections, but through a wide range of activities to promote democratic institutions and practices. These include support for independent judiciaries and parliaments, strong national human rights policies and institutions, transparency and accountability in government, civic education, free expression, and vibrant civil societies with opportunities for participation. In this regard, electoral processes are increasingly considered not as an end in themselves but as a bridge to peace building and sustainable development. The implementation of the United Nations convention against corruption has become a special priority for the UN system in improving the quality of governance in its member states.

Review:-

01. The situation in Iraq

[A.] The global order:-

01. The situation in Iraq

is causing widespread concern in the international community. The future of Iraq is vital to the stability of the region and the world. During the past year, the UN worked to foster regional engagement through initiatives including the international compact with Iraq and continued to promote national reconciliation and consensus-building, in particular through the support to the constitutional review process. UN will continue to assist Iraq through the challenges ahead. In Lebanon, the aftermath of 2006 war saw political divisions deepen, rendering more difficult the fulfillment of various UN mandates in support of the Lebanese sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence. In the Middle East, the UN continues to increase the peaceful settlements.

02. Concerns about Asia

:- in Nepal, progress was made towards resolving the conflict and its underlying causes; the UN mission in Nepal was instituted at the request of the Nepalese parties to assist in the election of the constituent assembly and the political transition.

03. Northern Uganda

:- the special envoy of the UN for the lord’s resistance army affected areas worked with the regional actors to reinvigorate peace talks. A joint African Union-UN initiative was launched to advance the political process in Dafur. There is active representative of UN in Somalia for the purpose of national reconciliation.

04. Myanmar and Fiji

:- Asia also saw the greater use of secretary general’s good offices, with renewed high level dialogue between the UN and Myanmar, and the dispatch of an inter-agency fact finding mission to fiji following the coup in December 2006.

[B.] On Peace-keeping attempts of the UN

01.

At the beginning of 2006, UN peacekeeping supported 18 peacekeeping operations and 13 other field missions and offices, involving approximately 85,000 deployed personnel. By august, 2007, this number has got considerably increased.

02.

Among the myriad challenges faced by the UN peacekeeping during 2006 was the situation in Sudan and its spillover effects into Chad and the Central African Republic. The UNMIS has been to monitor the peacekeeping agreement of 2006. Another challenge facing UN peacekeeping operations was the Kosovo status talks and the eventual transition of the UN interim administration mission in Kosovo.

03.

The UNIFIL continued to cooperate closely with the Lebanese armed forces with a view to consolidating the new strategic military and security environment in the southern Lebanon, and to prevent violations of the blue line and maintain the cessation of the hostilities. UNIFIL has created has created a stable operational area as a basis for international efforts to revitalize the political process leading to a permanent ceasefire.

04.

The growing number of similar incidents require United Nations intervention demonstrates the central importance of control over security institutions to build a legitimate state. Enhancing national capacity and institutions particularly in the security sector is a long term process involving political commitment on the part of national stakeholders and the support of international community, especially donors. A critical aspect of this process is fostering national and local ownership of reforms intended to limit the role of the military in internal security, ensure that all security forces are under the civilian control, and meet basic standards of accountability, transparency and respect for human rights. The operational record for strengthening the capacity of national security institutions has been mixed. In Sierra Leone there has been a measure of national ownership for reforming the military and the police, although UN is concerned about its self sustainability in the absence of the continuing and long-term international technical and financial support. Similar problems faced Liberia and Congo, which are in the early stages of security sector reform. Security sector reform has been also less successful in Afghanistan, where the war against the Taliban and other anti-government elements has forced the security agencies to play a larger-than-ideal role in the attempt to provide internal security.

[C.] THE RULE OF LAW:-

The rule of law is a fundamental principle on which the United Nations was established. The United Nations goal continues to be a community of nations operating according to rules that promote human rights, human dignity and the settlement of the international disputes through peaceful means. International criminal justice, a concept based on the premise that the achievement of justice provides a firmer foundation for lasting peace, has become a defining aspect of the work of the organization. The international tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda continued to conduct the trials of those accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity and other war crimes. The extraordinary courts charged the defendant for the crimes against humanity and placed him in detention. The courts for Sierra Leone commenced the trials of Charles Taylor and rendered two historic judgments that convicted five defendants for war crimes. In March, the Security Council requested UN to negotiate with the government of Lebanon an agreement aimed at establishing a tribunal to bring justice those accused of the attack that killed the former prime minister of Lebanon, Rafiq Hariri. The Security Council took resolution on 30 May, 2007 for establishment of special tribunal in Lebanon.in order to better the coordinate working of these institutions, at the end of 2006, the report entitled ‘Uniting our strengths: enhancing the United Nations support for the rule of law’ announced the establishment of a rule of law coordination and resource group. The group consists of major rule of law assistance providers in the UN system, who met to ensure that programmes are carried out in a coherent manner and are of high quality commensurate with the need of those requesting the support.

04. PURSUIT OF JUSTICE:-

One of the attractions of an old fashioned state-based pluralism and of a very thin view of international society was precisely that it appeared to offer a way of dealing with diversity and disagreement. If the diversity and the value are such important features of international life, then we should seek to organize global politics in such a way as to give groups scope of the for the collective self-government and cultural autonomy in their own affairs and to reduce the degree to which they will clash over how the world should be ordered. Equally, if the dangers of predation by the powerful are deep-rooted, even if not structurally determined, then we should continue to place a heavy emphasis on sovereignty and on the balance of power. In addition, the skeptical pluralist is attracted to the idea that it might also be possible to develop a cross-cultural consensus over the minimal rules around which a such a limited international society might be built. Hence the attraction to the international society writers of Hart’s notion of a minimum content of natural law built around Hobbesian assumptions. Hence, too null’s emphasis on the ‘elementary conditions of social life’, his attempt to isolate the elementary primary, and universal goals of the society of states; and his analytical effort to link these goals to the historical institutions of the international society. Negotiating the terms of cooperation is certainly a quintessentially political exercise. But it is also an inherently normative one both because acting in the world requires that we think about morally desirable change and because moral debate forms one part of how that political exercise will unfold. As noted in many places in this book, debates on global justice within the political theory and political philosophy have increased enormously in scope and sophistication. There is an increasingly rich array of potential answers to the problems of global political theory, including those related to just war, to humanitarian intervention, distributive justice, and to global democracy. The fragility of global political order makes it unconvincing to see this challenge as a second-order issue of moral methodology.

[I.] Institutional Authority:-

There are three major reasons why institutions are so important: as a means of helping to secure the framework for mutually intelligible moral debate; as a way of securing the stable implementation of shared rules; and in terms of the potential for the progressive development of a global moral community. In the first place, if we are looking for cross-cultural universals, a good case can be made for starting with process and with near-universality of ideas about fairness of process: hearing the other side, providing arguments for one’s actions, finding some mechanism for adjudicating between conflicting moral claims. All stable societies have to find some agreed process and procedure by which more moral conflicts can be adjudicated and managed, if not resolved. Within world politics the challenge is more daunting, given the diversity and divisiveness of sentiments, attachments, languages, cultures and ways of living, combined with massive inequalities of power, wealth, and capacity. Stuart Hampshire has suggested that there is an irreducible minimum to notions of just process. Second, institutions are also necessary because rules have to be applied. The cry of the liberal solidarist or the cosmopolitan moralist is that we need new rules to meet new circumstances. Terrorism requires that international society rethink rules relating to self-defence and the use of force. The degree to which international society is affected morally and practically by the humanitarian catastrophe means that we need new rules on humanitarian intervention. There are good arguments in favour of both these propositions. But it is a myth that, for example, a new rule on humanitarian intervention would obviate the need for the institutions and institutional debate. Even if the rule is agreed and even if the background criteria for evaluation are agreed, all rules have to be interpreted and applied. The new rule of humanitarian intervention will not avoid the need for that rule to be applied to the circumstances of a new case. On the one side, this inevitability raises the fundamental political issue: who is the body that has the authority to interpret and to apply the rule? There have been certain proximities that have been put-forth by Dallymayr. On the other side, we are faced by problems intrinsic to the idea of interpretation and application. Thus cultural and historical complexity makes it difficult to read off judgments in particular cases from general or universal moral laws and there is good reason for supposing that a great deal o the debate over values and ethics in the twenty-first century will necessarily have to be context-rich and interpretative. At one level, this might simply mean that universal principles need to show sensitivity to local context. But the challenge is deeper. Thus Tully follows criticizing in those who demonstrate a contemptuous attitude to the particular case. In terms of institutionalizing global order such a position lends support to a form of practical reasoning that is constantly navigating between the general rule, whether legal or moral, and it’s always contestable application to the facts and circumstances of a particular case. Third, institutions matter because of their potential for self-reinforcing dynamic. Once created, institutions act as platforms for the ongoing normative debates, or the mobilization of concern and for debating and revising ideas about how the international society should be organized. However much social scientists insist on analyzing international institutions solely in terms of the provision of international public goods, normative issues cannot be kept out of the picture. In addition, there is an inherent tendency for all normative systems to expand and develop, and to enmesh actors within certain patterns of discourse, reasoning, and argumentation. Finally, as we have seen, there are good reasons for believing that international institutions have acted as powerful agents for the diffusion and socialization of norms. Assessing the very mixed empirical record of actually existing institutions can have important implications for our views of global justice. Thomas Nagel, for example, has developed a political conception of global justice. Drawing on Hobbesian traditions, he argues that justice arises amongst those jointly subject to coercive authority. His assessment of where international institutions and global governance are ‘for the moment’ is that they fail to meet a crucial test, namely, they are not collectively enacted and coercively imposed in the name of all the individuals whose lives they affect. Yet this view of justice places too much weight on the difference between coercive and non-coercive situations; and, more importantly, underplays the extent of the changes that have in fact taken place in the density of international institutions, in the extent to which they do in tact exercise power and can be said to be co-authored, and in the relationship of both states and individuals to those institutions.others who either deny the possibility of international distributive justice or see it only in highly constrained forms also place great emphasis on the absence or weakness of international institutions or other cooperative arrangements. Thus, society’s main political, social and economic institutions and how they fit into one unified system of social co-operation’ determine the basic structure and govern ‘the initial focus’ of how to think about the matters of justice. But the emphasis here should be on ‘initial’ since Rawls also recognizes the possibility of reinforcing change. When writing about the domestic society, there is a strong sense that the institutions play a central role in moving from self-interested cooperation towards full overlapping consensus. They have important socializing influences on the citizens and Rawls presents a psychological account of how people come to accept and internalize principles of justice. Equally- when looking at international life- change, evolution, and learning are self recognized. ‘The idea of a reasonably just society of well-ordered peoples will not have an important place in a theory of international politics until such peoples exist and have learned to coordinate their actions in wider forms of political, economic and social cooperation. A global moral community in which claims about justice can secure both authority and can be genuinely accessible to a broad swathe of humanity will be one that is built around some minimal notion of just process, that prioritizes institutions that embed procedural fairness, and that cultivates the shared political culture and the habits of argumentation and deliberation on which such institutions necessarily depend. As Judith Shklar puts it; ‘procedural justice is not merely a formal ritual, as is often charged. It is a system that in principle gives everyone some access to the agencies of rectification and, more significantly, the possibility of expressing a sense of injustice to some effect, at least occasionally. It is important here to avoid too sharp distinction between a consent-based view of international legal legitimacy and a justice based view. Procedural legitimacy is not simply about state consent. On the one hand, consent itself may be moderated and mediated by the complexities of legal process, even without disappearing entirely from the international legal order. On the other hand, there are other important values located within the processes of international law. This may be understood in terms of the old arguments about the ‘inner morality’ of law and the rule of law. Or it may involve principles of public law that can be employed to guide international and global law-making. Or, most generally, it may simply involve an insistence that the justification of a position or a case follows an articulated, discernible, and coherent pattern of legal argument that draws on analogies, precedents, and the principles that are compatible with already widely accepted values. Finally, law can be viewed as a sociologically embedded transnational cultural practice in which claims and counterclaims can be articulated and debated and from which norms can emerge that can have at least some determination and argumentative purchase. Law, then, can play a communicative and epistemic role, shaping the conditions within which claims, including justice claims can be made and debated. The modern day Grotian will be inclined to stress the ongoing, unstable and subtle interplay between the sources of law and legal process on the one hand and the content of the law and o legal rules on the other.

[II.] Political Agency:-

That we should on the institutions, on negotiation, and on dialogue and deliberation is hardly an original suggestion. Albeit with significant variation, many have been tempted to go down a broadly Habermasian road-stressing the extent to which the terms of a just global order cannot be based on coercion nor on whatever bargain states and societies happen to be able to strike with one another, but require instead critical reflexion, uncoerced agreement of rational agents via a shared process of deliberation and reasoned justification.there have also been important arguments in favour of creating global institutional frameworks which widen the boundaries of the dialogic community. Even after assuming the presence of the multiple voices, the location of a stable and shared moral vocabulary and some degree of institutional stability, one still needs to ask about the conditions of effective political agency. Within domestic society, Habermas is ambiguous as to how far the discourse principle requires changes merely in procedures of bargaining or changes to the underlying balance of bargaining power itself. But however, we might think about power within domestic society, the conditions of global society make it impossible to evade the issue of unequal bargaining power. The massive inequalities of power and condition; the continued occurrence of war and intervention and the continued willingness of major states to use military power as an instrument of state policy; the role of power in skewing the terms of the global capitalist economy and the close links that exist between globalization and inequality; and the deformity of many of the core institutions of international society-all these point towards the pressing need to consider the minimal political preconditions that might underpin a global moral community in which reasoned deliberation and uncoerced consensus could have begin to have been possible. Although political theorists are perhaps naturally tempted to argue from the ceiling down, the wholly different scale of inequalities that exist in the world politics should push us to think hard about the minimum preconditions for an acceptable international political process. At a minimum this might include: some acceptance of equality of status, respect, and consideration; some capacity for autonomous decision making on the basis of a reasonable information; a degree of uncoerced willingness to participate; a situation in which the most disadvantaged perceive themselves having some stake in the system; and some institutional processes by which the weak and disadvantaged are able to make their voice heard and to express claims about unjust treatment. Apart from concern with the suffering of the most disadvantaged, Rawls gives two very good reasons why we should be concerned with inequality: first, that a large gap between rich and poor ‘often leads to some citizens being stigmatized and treated as inferiors, and that is unjust’; and second, because of the ‘important role of fairness in the political processes of the basic structure of the society of peoples’. Yet, despite ample evidence that some peoples stigmatized and treated the inferiors and still more evidence of the massive unfairness of international political processes, Rawls draws only the feeblest of conclusions as to what needs to be changed globally in the interests of justice. We need to give far greater attention to the links between the political and moral cosmopolitan and to the possible principles of global political justice that might inform those links. A revalidation of process legitimacy and procedural justice is crucial for the development of a stable, effective, and legitimate international society and for the nurturing of meaningfully shared foundations for the discussion of global justice. In a very important sense, the ethical claims of international society rest on the contention that such a society continues to be the most stable set of globally institutionalized political processes by which norms and rules can be negotiated on the basis of dialogue and consent, rather than simply being imposed by the most powerful. There is very little reason for supposing that progress in the direction of moral accessibility, institutional stability, or more balanced and equitable forms of political agency is likely to be easy. It may not be possible at all. There are nevertheless good reasons for believing that it is a direction which continues to be of crucial importance. Understanding how the rope bridge may be spun across the canyon is central both to the chances of world order in the 21st century and to the promotion of greater global justice.

05. PROSECUTING THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMES:-

The threat of terrorism to international peace, security and development remains a pressing issue for the international community. The expansion of UN efforts on counter-terrorism has produced a unique tool, the UN global counter terrorism strategy adopted by the general assembly. The unanimous endorsement of this document marks an historic step, bringing together 192 member states to demonstrate their resolve and ability to defeat the scourge of terrorism. The strategy outlines a coordinated and comprehensive response to terrorism at national, regional and global levels, while ensuring the respect for human rights and the rule of law. It put forward a concrete plan of action to prevent and combat terrorism and to address grievances and underlying social, economic and political conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. The strategy will have the greatest success if it is fully achieved. This goal can be achieved by strengthening the capacity of the member states and the UN system, and by seeking the involvement of the civil society and the private sector. The main responsibility for implementing the strategy falls on member states. Nevertheless, various secretariat departments, specialized agencies, and UN programmes and funds contribute to this important endeavor by assisting member states with their implementation efforts.

01. OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAWS IN GENERAL

02. TAKING THE STATE TO THE COURT

[A]. State Sovereignty

[B.] Changes And Continuity In The International System

[C.] The International Court of Justice (ICJ)

03. DEMOCRACY AND INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY

[A.] The global order

[B.] On Peace-keeping attempts of the UN

[C.] THE RULE OF LAW

04. PURSUIT OF JUSTICE

[A.] Institutional Authority

[B.] Political Agency

05. PROSECUTING THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMES:-

06. CONCLUSION

01. OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAWS IN GENERAL:-

The English Legal System: Why, How Laws are Made

2008-11-10T21:00:00.001-08:00

THE ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM (Based on author's site www.geocities.com/lglsys)

Before one considers what laws are and how they are introduced into a society or a circumstance, it is necessary to consider...

WHY WE HAVE LAW

People's behaviour, sometimes, may lead to generally undesirable outcomes, injurious to one or more others physically or as repugnant. People have sought to establish some rules, to enable the smooth functioning of the societies in which they live, of a kind that themselves can sanction to avoid chaos.

WHAT ARE LAWS

The set of rules that regulate behaviour are laws; and those that regulate human behavior in ways that they can be legally sanctioned if breached are men's Legal Laws.

What the should be the basis of such rules, the extent of the limitations on man's actions, who and how should decide and organize them, apply the sanctions -with what safeguards against injustice and as defined by whom and how, and the growth of society -necessitating variations of them, and other such considerations, are essentially, also part of Law.

There has been the Authoritarian View -that law's intention should be to prevent wickedness, and the moral welfare of the society; and there has been the Libertarian View -that private morality and immorality is one's own business and not of law: e.g., the Misrepresentations Act 1967.

THE AIM OF LAW

The Libertarian view has been mostly preferred, aiming to ensure two things:-

1. Primarily, with minimum conflict with natural law, rules for the survival of the society (e.g. regarding murder, theft -mostly criminal in nature), against human greed and aggression.

2. Secondarily, to make allowance for growth, and complex situations by way of...

a. A system of adjudication for the settling of e.g. mercantile disputes

b. A system of who and how to change the rules as and when necessary

c. A system of recognition of the primary rules themselves as legal rules.

In a non-complex society an elected body should make, and publicize, and sanction, above all, Criminal Law (rules intended primarily for a simple society with a unity of purpose which is, above all, survival -regarded as being best ensured by considering it most important that the norm should not be

deviated from, to enable cohesion and solidarity).

In a complex society there being no unity of purpose and the emphasis being on the interdependency of the members of the society, deviance would not be the most important consideration, and the purpose and the function of any law would be, chiefly, between conflicting individual interests, to maintain a reasonable balance, mostly by Civil Law -for which reason in e.g. European Law the interests of the individual are paramount to those of the state.

ENGLISH LAW

Classification of English Law is as being, both, affected by, and incorporating in part -and increasingly, international law; it comprises of...

INTERNATIONAL LAW and NATIONAL LAW

INTERNATIONAL LAW

Britain must respect and meet the expectations of various international agreements in the application of its laws -whether binding on it or not, to maintain its political standing among other countries; and, often, such expectations are met by its own, voluntary, incorporating of such laws into English law. This is done, mostly, as a condition of its membership of the European Union, as and when it is directed by Europe -as in the case of the level of its water-purity and the European directive regarding a standard common to all member states of it, and as in the case of the requirement to treat as binding on itself e.g. the Single European Act 1986.

NATIONAL LAW

National Law, on the other hand, is that which is made by the state, for the state, and in Britain by its Parliament, intended, within the state, in this case within Britain alone -with variations for Scotland and Northern Ireland, to ensure the non-anarchic organizing and running of the society, in respects from less of consequence to those fundamental, increasingly as written-law, as:-

PRIVATE LAW and PUBLIC LAW

PRIVATE LAW

Private Law regulates the dealings of the individuals with each other within the state, under such headings as:-

Family Law, Tort, Property Law, Commercial Law

Family Law is a good example of the laws in this category; it deals with matters between individuals such as marriage, divorce, and matters arising as related rights -such as the custody of children, e.g. the Family Law Reform Act 1969.

Tort or Torts -as some prefer to call it (from the French word meaning wrong, or wrongs), is the private individual's right -if without financial assistance from the state s/he can, not to be civilly wronged by another, sometimes by an organization, in respects not contractual, sometimes including such as, with a very fine distinguishing line, may fall short of being criminal ~e.g. negligence, or the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957.

Property Law, also called Land Law, deals with matters of property, such as land that in practice is regarded as personal -although 'all land belongs to the Crown', and including matters of dispute over minerals under it and treasure trove, as well as dwellings on it and fittings, often dealt with by the Courts of Chancery -e.g., the Law of Property Act 1925.

Commercial Law comprises of laws of major importance in the dealings of individuals with others, such as:-

Mercantile Law, Consumer Law, and the Law of Contracts

Mercantile Law is the original body of laws that governed commercial dealings ~it was so called because it involved dealings of merchants with each other. As it developed, it concerned itself also with dealings between merchants and the consumer, and the occasional agreements between the individuals -which later grew into separate laws themselves. Almost exclusively, it deals with such matters as competition between traders, trademarks and patents, and e.g., bills of exchange under the Bills of Exchange Act 1982.

Consumer Law is from laws-merchant; it regulates the dealings of the individuals with merchants as to, e.g., the quality, and return, of goods purchased, deeming existent a collective contract between the consumers and any trader, as in the Sale of Goods Act 1977(as amended).

Contract Law is about the, not necessarily regular, agreements of individuals with others, on specific terms offered and accepted (unless under duress or by coercion), intending it to be legally binding, for consideration in return, e.g., under the Misrepresentations Act 1967.

PUBLIC LAW

This branch of the law governs the relationships between the state and other states, and between the individual and the state, under such major headings as:-

Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Criminal Law

Constitutional Law is about the system, the framework, of who and how, and how come to, govern, by which laws how made and applied, as the state; e.g., the Parliaments Acts 1911, 1914.

Administrative Law defines and controls the limits of government, mostly protecting against absolute power, enabling complaints and appeals against the state -e.g., the Human Right Act 1998.

Criminal Law regulates such conduct of the individuals as are regarded to be against the society, actionably, punishably, by the state; e.g. Offences Against the Person Act 1861.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW

The differences are, mainly, these:-

Public Law are those categories of law, such as Administrative, Constitutional, Criminal, which involve the conduct of the state in relation to itself, or in relation to society generally, through one or more individuals, or the conduct of the individual against the society -mostly through one or more other individuals, in representing the society.

Private Law, i.e., Family, Tort, Property, Commercial -with its branches, chiefly, involves the state as only the arbitrator in personal or collective dealings between the individuals.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIMINAL LAW AND CIVIL LAW

IF IT IS CRIMINAL LAW…

1. It is Public Law

2. It is between the state and the individual or organization

3. The state (Crown Prosecution Service) complains, prosecutes)

4. It is registered as R –v- name of the accused (R = Rex/Regina –the monarch)

5. Proof is the states, beyond reasonable doubt

6. It is dealt with by Magistrates, or by Crown Court

7. It is Not Guilty or Guilty and a Sentence –imprisonment/community-service/fine and trial costs unless on legal assistance

IF IT IS CIVIL LAW…

1. It is Private Law

2. Its is between individual/s and/or organization/s

3. The individual/s or the organization sues

4. It is Complainant (plaintiff) –v- Defendant (their names)

5. Proof is on a balance of probabilities

6. It is dealt with by a County Court or the High Court

7. It is a Judgment and the winner is awarded a remedy and, normally, costs

THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS IN ENGLAND

The Sources of English Law

Main sources of law in England are:-

1. Legislation -including Delegated Legislation...

2. Precedent (Judge-made law) -which mostly comprises of the Laws of England and Wales and as (differently) applied in Northern Ireland (the basis being same of the slightly differing Scottish Law -and of the laws of many countries of the British Commonwealth)...

3. European Union Law -which is increasingly becoming the major source of English Law (expecting compliance with also the European Convention on Human Rights -the enhanced version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) -e.g., the Human Rights Act 1998 (implemented in 2000) incorporated into English and all United Kingdom law.

The Legislator, is the Parliament.

The Parliament is the House of Commons, and, the House of Lords -with the Monarch.

The House of Commons are the elected representatives ~mostly from political parties -with committees and 'whips' (who deal, mostly, with the discipline of their members). By "the supremacy of Parliament", in fact, is meant the 'supremacy' of this House -since the Parliament Acts 1911 & 1949 it can bypass the House of Lords, and, since Queen Anne, in 1707, conventionally, to every Act of it the Monarch always assents.

The House of Lords are the unelected representatives, so knighted by the Monarch, some as Hereditary Lords (the eldest son inherits the title) and many increasingly as Life Peers -almost always upon the recommendation of the political parties themselves; the numbers were limited of them with voting rights by the government at the beginning of the 21st century and its members have been considered that should be selected by a panel appointed by government. Its Right to Veto the Commons has been, since 1911, inconsequential, and since 1949 within a year invalid -it serves in effect as a chamber of second opinion and its decisions are not binding on the House of Commons and occasionally have not been followed.

The Monarch, since 1707, may not veto Parliamentary Legislation; but, must formally assent to it -although she does not personally sign it, before it can become legislation.

Legislation is a law, in the form of a Statute. It is formally enacted -or made, by or by the authority of the Parliament, effective when assented to, as an Act of Parliament.

Acts of Parliament, 'Statutes' are laws, produced by the Parliament, and comprise also of less important law, with the authority of the Parliament, as Delegated Legislation.

Delegated Legislation enables the management of major Legislation by the Legislator -Health & Safety Act 1974, the COSSH Regulations 1988.

Statutory Instruments by the Executive's ministers, through other bodies, make effective such Legislation as about health and safety, transport, and as about social-security and taxation.

Orders in Council are by the Monarch with the Privy Council, in cases of emergency -also on appeal from some Commonwealth countries.

By-Laws are made, mostly, by Local Councils (Town Halls as, or as part of, County Halls) -by locally and independently elected town or county mayors and councilors with knowledge of their individual districts.

The advantages of delegating legislation is that it enables saving time, expertise, and flexibility; the disadvantages are that it gives wide powers to make laws without debate and which may not be as much publicized as the Acts of Parliament themselves and as much known to the public.

Legislating

A Bill is a proposed legislation normally producing an Act of Parliament -it normally begins with one or another type of Bill being introduced.

Types of Bills

The type of a Bill depends on who propose the legislation -as follows...

Public Bills by government, proposing legislation affecting the nation as a whole -were so introduced the Criminal Disorder Act 1998, and, the Access to Justice Act 1999.

Private Member's Bills by members of Parliament, which may be of national effect -the Arbitration Act 1967, the Disability Discrimination Act 1996, both, began so.

Private Bills by individuals, through a member of Parliament, affecting fewer -such a bill proposed the University College London Act 1996.

A Bill, with slightly variations depending on its type, before becoming Law, goes through a number of stages.

Stages of a Bill

The Stages of a Bill are, sometimes strictly, with adherence to set procedures, Readings, at both the House of Commons and the House of Lords:-

The First Reading involves formally, mostly, Naming the Bill, with its date, and making available printed copies of it, normally, with no, or very little, debate on it...

The Second Reading involves Explaining the Bill -debating its general principles, and voting on it...

The Committee Stage involves the political parties, which are represented proportionately, putting forward their views -or expert opinion being obtained on it; and at the Report Stage the House being informed of these and the Bill being voted on.

'Division' sometimes takes place on how to vote on the Bill among the Members of Parliament, and when so, an Eight-Minute Break is allowed them and their Party Whips to discuss it and to decide how to vote on it.

The Third Reading, usually, is, with any verbal amendments to the Bill, the final vote.

This procedure is followed by both of the Houses of Parliament, except that Bills may begin not at the House of Lords if they are to do with such matters as taxation.

The Royal Assent involves the Signing of a Bill that has gone through all of its previous stages successfully, by the Monarch ~but the Monarch need not, and does not, personally sign it -conventionally, the Monarch does not refuse; and, unless stated that it will become so after a time interval, from then on a Bill becomes formally an Act of Parliament, Law which often authorizes delegated legislation too.

It is considered essential to inform the public of the laws proposed and of the laws made, and this is done, at different stages, by way of publishing a White Paper, a Green Paper, and a Statute -delegated legislation also being made in printed form publicly available.

These procedures may sometimes be confusing: e.g., section 6 of Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1985 was a Bill introduced as being intended to be of psychological effect only and not of any legal effect before passing all of its stages and becoming Law.

JUDGE MADE LAW

Precedent, briefly. Britain, unlike the USA and the European Union countries, not having a Written Constitution, Codes of Law enacted by the representatives of the people, English Law is based on Common Law -judge-made law ~judges interpret and (also in those criminal cases where that it is increasingly considered by the government that should not sit juries) apply the law.

Where 'Written Law' -an Act of Parliament, does exists, they do so under Rules formulated by the English Courts, such as:-

The Literal Rule -where the Court does not consider the written law to require judicial interpretation, literally taking the words of the Statute…

The Golden Rule -if they consider the literary meaning to be, e.g., absurd of any Written Law, interpreting it as they would consider not perverse.

The Mischief Rule -if the Court considers it must interpret the purpose of the written law -the Intentions of Parliament, which they do under the Interpretations Act 1889 -barring reference to the Hansard (the official transcript of all words spoken in the Parliament -placed in its library).

These Rules are sometimes confusingly stated, and in relation to appeals, e.g. from cases under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, its is stated that "no issue of law arises if the Tribunal simply misunderstood or misapplied the facts" -following reference to precedent that an issue of law arises if a decision is "inconsistent with the evidence".

A Decision, in English Law, consists of two parts, the 'Ratio Decidendi', and the 'Obiter Dicta' -the former being Precedent, the binding part, which sets out what the Principle is ~the latter being things said by the way -which are not binding but may be persuasive.

Until the late 1990's English courts and tribunals did not have to give reasons for their decisions, including in civil cases in which juries do not normally sit in Britain -European Law now requires them to do so, often if within a specific period of time ask to do so.

The Principle, unless 'distinguished' becomes 'Precedent' binding on all lower courts, and in the case of the Court of Appeal also on itself.

Precedent are reported by the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting in the Weekly Law Reports (WLR) officially, and privately in e.g., the All England Law Reports (AELR).

Precedent, to all intents and purposes, is Law until it is reversed by a higher national Court or by the European Court, or becomes obsolete by an Act of Parliament, or by European Union Law.

Judge-made Law is regarded mainly to have the advantage of being not rigid and enabling for changes more quickly than it may take parliament to make them -its disadvantage is considered to be that unlike as in the case of Codes it is law which is not by elected representatives of people.

PARLIAMENTARY SUPREMACY

The Presumption of the Supremacy of the British Parliament in respect of English Law is, briefly, based on the Monarch no longer refusing to give assent to a Bill passed by the Parliament, coupled with that of Precedent being in line with the Intentions of Parliament.

The Inconsistency of that presumption has been proposed on the fact of the European Law (including the decisions of the European Court and of its 'national branches' which are empowered to declare any law made by the British Parliament 'not law' and of no legal effect where it is the view of Europe that Britain ought not to have such a law -e.g., for the reason that it contravenes the Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights) being binding on the United Kingdom Government and on its Courts -as on all other member states of it.

Laws in the European Union states continue increasingly and rapidly to change in the course of commonization of various laws, and in Britain, within a short time of a Department of Constitutional Affairs being created in addition to the Lord Chancellor's Department, also a Ministry of Justice was added –it is wise when it may otherwise be of consequence to always ascertain what current laws are.

The author has a website at: http://www.geocities.com/eoa_uk

Rosen Law Firm Launches New Blog:Kramer Vs.

2008-11-10T09:00:00.000-08:00

WHAT: The largest divorce firm in North Carolina, Rosen Law Firm, launched a new blog. Kramer Vs. covers news stories on divorce, alimony, adultery, domestic violence, and child custody.

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WHEN: Up and running with weekday postings.

CONTACT: Alison Kramer, Director of Public Relations, Rosen Law Firm, Phone: 919-256-1542, Cell: 919-523-7104, akramer@rosen.com, http://www.rosen.com

***

Rosen Law Firm 4101 Lake Boone Trail, Suite 500 Raleigh, NC 27607 www.rosen.com "Divorce is Different Here"

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